Lesson in 10th grade according to the course

"General Biology".

Prepared by a biology teacher

MBOU "Secondary school No. 43 named after. G.K. Zhukov" Kursk

Kholodova E.N.

The source of energy on Earth is the Sun

Solar energy

Photosynthesis

Squirrels

Energy

organic

substances

Fats

Carbohydrates

Metabolism

• Energy

• Plastic exchange
• Assimilation
• Anabolism

exchange

• Dissimilation
• Catabolism

• Adenine
• Ribose
• Energy
• 3 phosphoric acid residues
• Mitochondria
• Battery
• Macroergic connection

A single and universal source of energy in the cell is ATP(adenosine triphosphoric acid), which is formed as a result of the oxidation of organic substances.

ATP + H 2 O = ADP + H 3 RO 4 + energy

ADP + N 3 RO 4 + energy = ATP + H 2 ABOUT

reaction PHOSPHORYLATION

those. the addition of one phosphoric acid residue to an ADP (adenosine diphosphate) molecule.

“Growth, reproduction, mobility, excitability, the ability to respond to changes in the external environment - all these properties of living things are ultimately inextricably linked with certain chemical transformations , without which none of these manifestations of life could exist"

V.A. Engelhardt

• To develop knowledge about the three stages of energy metabolism using the example of carbohydrate metabolism.
• Describe the reactions of energy metabolism.
• Be able to classify and generalize the material from complex material into stages, types and places of their occurrence.

What What is energy metabolism or catabolism?

CATABOLISM is a set of enzymatic reactions splitting complex organic compounds accompanied by release of energy.

STAGES OF ENERGY EXCHANGE

• at AEROBES
• 1.Preparatory
• 2.Oxygen-free
• 3.Oxygen

• in ANAEROBES
• 1.Preparatory
• 2.Oxygen-free

Characteristics of the stages of energy metabolism.

Chemical reactions

Stage I - Preparatory in the digestive system.

Energy output

Stage II (anaerobic) – Glycolysis. Goes without O 2 in the cell cytoplasm

ATP formation

Stage III (aerobic) – Oxygen splitting.

Occurs in the presence of O 2 in mitochondria (cellular respiration).

The final summary equation is:

STAGE 1- preparatory

Where does it happen?

In lysosomes and the digestive tract.

What happens in the digestive system?

Breakdown of polymers into monomers.

Squirrels amino acids

Fats glycerin + VZhK

Carbohydrates glucose

What happens to the energy when all these substances are broken down?

STAGE 2- oxygen-free oxidation or glycolysis .

Where does it happen?

In the cytoplasm of cells, without oxygen.

Glycolysis– the process of breaking down carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen under the action of enzymes.

• Where does it happen? In animal cells.
• What's happening? Glucose using

enzymatic reactions

oxidizes.

WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2 N 3 RO 4 +2 ADP = 2 C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2 ATP +2 H 2 ABOUT

glucose phosphorus PVC water

acid

Result: energy in the form of 2 ATP molecules .

Alcoholic fermentation.

• Where does it happen? In plant and

some yeast

cells instead of glycolysis.

• What's happening

and is formed? On alcoholic fermentation

based on cooking

wine, beer, kvass. Dough,

mixed with yeast

produces porous, tasty bread.

WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2H 3 RO 4 +2ADP = 2C 2 N 5 ABOUT H + 2CO 2 + ATP +2 H 2 O

glucose phosphorus ethyl water

acid alcohol

Lactic acid fermentation.

• Where does it happen? In human cells

animals, in some

types of bacteria and fungi.

• What is formed? With a lack of oxygen -

lactic acid. Lies in

basis of preparation

sour milk, curdled milk,

kefir and other lactic acids

food products.

• RESULT: 40% of energy is stored in ATP, 60%

dissipated as heat into

environment .

Oxygen splitting (aerobic respiration or hydrolysis ).

What's happening? Further oxidation of products

glycolysis to CO2 and H2O using

O2 oxidizer and enzymes and gives

a lot of energy in the form of ATP.

Where does it happen? Carried out in mitochondria associated with the mitochondrial matrix and its internal membranes.

Stages of oxygen oxidation:

a) Krebs cycle

b) oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle – cyclical enzymatic process of complete oxidation organic substances formed during glycolysis to carbon dioxide, water and energy stored in ATP molecules.

Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981)

Acetyl-CoA 2C

Lemon

acid 6C

Apple

acid 4C

Glutaric

acid 5C

Fumarovaya

acid 4C

Succinic acid 4C

The process of oxygen cleavage of milk is expressed by the equation:

2 C 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 6 ABOUT 2 + 36 ADP + 36 N 3 RO 4 =

6 CO 2 + 42 N 2 O + 36 ATP

Energy in the form of 36 ATP molecules (more than 60% of energy).

Think and answer

1. Why, when mitochondria are destroyed in a cell, will there be a decrease in the level of activity, and then a suspension of cell activity?

2. How many total ATP molecules are formed as a result of energy metabolism?

Summing this equation with the equation of glycolysis we get the final equation:

WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2 ADP + 2 N 3 RO 4 = 2 C 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 2 ATP + 2 H 2 ABOUT

2 C 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 6 O 2 + 36 ADP + 36 N 3 RO 4 = 6 CO 2 + 36 ATP + 42 N 2 ABOUT

____________________________________________________________________________________

WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 6O 2 + 38 ADP + 38 N 3 RO 4 = 6 CO 2 + 38 ATP + 44 H 2 ABOUT

WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 6O 2 = 6 CO 2 + 38 ATP

RESULT: Energy in the form of 38 ATP

CONCLUSION:

In the body of all living beings, a process occurs daily, hourly, every second. catabolism . Any violation of this process can lead to irreparable consequences! And in order for this process not to be disrupted, it is necessary: ​​...

clean air is needed, i.e. oxygen.

nutrients are needed.

biological catalysts are needed

i.e. enzymes.

biological activators are needed,

those. vitamins.

• As a result of oxidation, a balance is maintained between the synthesis of organic matter and its decomposition.
• CO2 is used to form carbonates, accumulates in sedimentary rocks, and for the process of photosynthesis.
• The balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained.

1 . Constantly ventilate the room,

walk more fresh air.

2. Eat nutritious food, rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

3. Do not exclude lactic acid products from your diet.

4. Don't forget about vitamins.

Continue with the sentences.

Our lesson has come to an end, and I want to say:

- It was a discovery for me that...

- Today in class I succeeded (failed)...

Homework:

Paragraph 22

? How are anabolism and catabolism interrelated in a single metabolic process?

Tasks (Appendix 2).

Problem solving .

Task 1. During the dissimilation process, 7 moles of glucose were split, of which only 2 moles underwent complete (oxygen) breakdown. Define:

a) how many moles of lactic acid and carbon dioxide are formed;

b) how many moles of ATP are synthesized;

c) how much energy and in what form is accumulated in these ATP molecules;

d) How many moles of oxygen are consumed for the oxidation of the resulting lactic acid.

• Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Pasechnik V. V. General biology 10-11 grade. – M.: Bustard, 2007, - 367 p.
• Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Pasechnik V. V. Introduction to general biology and ecology. 9th grade. – M.: Bustard, 2006, - 304 p.
• Kozlova T. A. Thematic and lesson planning in biology for the textbook by A.A. Kamensky, E. A. Kriksunova, V. V. Pasechnik “General biology: grades 10-11” - M.: Publishing House “Exam”, 2006. – 286 p.
• Pepelyaeva O.A., Suntsova I.V. Lesson developments in general biology.
• 9th grade. – M: “VAKO”, 2009.- 462 p.
• Lerner G.I. Biology. Thematic training tasks. – M.: Eksmo, 2009. – 168 p.

Constant exchange of substances with the environment is one of the main properties of living systems

The process of synthesis of organic substances is called assimilation or plastic metabolism (anabolism)

The process of breaking down organic substances is called dissimilation

(catabolism)

energy

Energy metabolism - dissimilation (catabolism)

Plastic metabolism - assimilation (anabolism)

enzymes

Autotrophic organisms (green plants) - capable of synthesizing organic substances from inorganic substances

Heterotrophic organisms (animals) require the supply of ready-made organic substances

I stage –

preparatory

II stage – anaerobic (glycolysis) – incomplete oxidation

III stage – aerobic

– complete oxidation

Mixotrophic organisms - with a mixed type of nutrition

Organic substances rich in energy are broken down into low molecular weight organic substances.

or inorganic compounds poor in energy. Reactions are accompanied by the release of energy, part of which is stored in the form of ATP

• Preparatory
• Anaerobic (glycolysis) – oxygen-free oxidation
• Aerobic – oxygen oxidation (cellular respiration)

Occurs in the gastrointestinal tract

The energy released during this process is dissipated as heat.

Complex organic substances are broken down into simpler ones:

Proteins to amino acids

+ 3H 2 O

Nucleic acids to nucleotides

+ 3H 2 O

Carbohydrates to monosaccharides

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

+ 6H 2 O

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

CH 2 HE

glucose

glucose

glucose

glucose

Fats to fatty acids and glycerol

+ 3H 2 O

glycerol

fatty acid

Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

Substances formed at stage I undergo splitting with the release of energy -

incomplete oxidation.

The process is called oxygen-free or anaerobic, because. goes without oxygen absorption

The main source of energy in the cell is glucose (C 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 )

Oxygen-free breakdown of glucose - glycolysis: C 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2NAD +2ADP + 2F  2C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NADH 2 + 2ATP

Pyrovinogradnaya

acid

H atoms accumulate with the help of the acceptor NAD + , and later connect with O 2  N 2 ABOUT

In conditions when ABOUT 2 no and, therefore, hydrogen atoms released during glycolysis cannot be transferred to it, instead ABOUT 2 another hydrogen acceptor must be used. Pyruvic acid becomes such an acceptor. Depending on the metabolic pathways of the body, the end products are different:

Lactic acid

2 WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NAD N 2 = 2 WITH 3 N 6 ABOUT 3 + 2OVER

lactic acid

alcoholic fermentation of glucose by yeast

Alcohol

2 WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NAD N 2 = 2 C 2 N 5 HE + CO 2 + OVER

ethanol

Butyric acid

2 WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2NAD N 2 = WITH 4 N 8 ABOUT 2 + 2СО 2 + 2H 2 + OVER

butyric acid

200 kJ is released from one glucose molecule, of which 120 kJ is dissipated as heat, and 80 kJ (40%) is stored in the bonds of 2 ATP molecules:

2 ADP + 2H 3 P.O. 4 + energy → 2 ATP + H 2 O

Adenine

N.H. 2

H 2 C

+ H 2 O

H 3 P.O. 4

Ribose

Occurs in mitochondria

This is an aerobic process, i.e. proceeding with the obligatory presence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis: C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3

undergoes further oxidation in mitochondria to N 2 O and CO 2

Matrix

Christa

Ribosomes

Molecules

ATP synthetase

Granules

Inner membrane

Outer membrane

Cellular respiration includes three groups of reactions:

• Formation of acetyl coenzyme A;
• Tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle);
• Electron transfer along the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

The first and second stages take place in the mitochondrial matrix, and the third - on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Acetyl-CoA + NADH 2 + CO 2 Because As a result of the oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose, 2 molecules of pyruvate are formed, the number of molecules of all components of the reaction must be doubled. The resulting acetyl-CoA undergoes further oxidation in the Krebs cycle. "width="640"

Pyruvic acid comes from the cytoplasm

in the mitochondria, where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, which consists of the removal of one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the pyruvate molecule and joining

to the acetyl group of pyruvate (CH 3 CO– ) coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA:

Pyruvate + NAD + + KoA – Acetyl-CoA + NADH 2 + CO 2

Because As a result of the oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose, 2 molecules of pyruvate are formed, the number of molecules of all components of the reaction must be doubled.

The resulting acetyl-CoA is subjected to

further oxidation in the Krebs cycle.

In the Krebs cycle, sequential oxidation of acetyl-CoA in citric acid occurs, which is accompanied by the elimination of carbon dioxide (decarboxylation) and the removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation), which is collected in NAD ∙ H 2 and is transmitted to the electron transport chain built into the inner membrane of mitochondria, i.e. as a result of a complete revolution of the Krebs cycle, one molecule of acetyl-CoA burns to CO 2 and N 2 ABOUT.

Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD + + FAD + 2H 2 O + ADP + H 3 RO 4 → 2СО 2 + 3OVER ∙ H+FAD ∙ N 2 + ATP

• CO 2 exhales with air;
• NADH and FADH 2 oxidize in the respiratory chain;

- ATP is used for different kinds work

supplies hydrogen to the respiratory chain in the form of NADH and FADH 2

The respiratory chain (electron transport chain) is a chain of redox reactions during which components of the respiratory chain catalyze the transfer of protons (H + ) and electrons ( e - ) from ABOVE ∙ H 2 And FAD ∙ H 2 to their final acceptor - oxygen, resulting in the formation of H 2 ABOUT (electrons are transferred along the respiratory chain to the O molecule 2 and activate it. Activated oxygen immediately reacts with the resulting protons (H + ), resulting in the release of water.

Respiratory chain – 12H 2 O + 34 ATP + Q T 18 "width="640"

ATP synthetase

Inner membrane

1/2О 2

Mitochondria

Outer membrane

Intermembrane space, proton reservoir

H +

H +

H +

H +

H +

H +

H +

H +

H +

Electron transport chain

Cytochromes

Cytochromes

H +

N 2 ABOUT

FAD ∙ H 2

H +

ABOVE + +H +

ABOVE ∙ H 2

H +

2H +

H +

H +

34ADF

34ATP

Krebs cycle

34N 3 RO 4

Matrix

12H 2 + 6O 2 – Respiratory chain – 12H 2 O + 34 ATP + Q T

Oxidative phosphorylation –

This is the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate using the ATP synthetase enzyme built into the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process uses the energy of the movement of electrons and protons in the mitochondrial membrane.

N.H. 2

two phosphoric acid residues

H 2 C

+ H 2 O

H 3 P.O. 4

At stage III, 36 ATP is formed

Ribose

WITH 3 N 4 ABOUT 3

Hans Krebs (1900 – 1981)

WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 6O 2 + 38ADP + 38H 3 RO 4  6СО 2 + 6H 2 O + 38ATP

The overall equation for glucose oxidation consists of:

• Glycolysis

WITH 6 N 12 ABOUT 6 + 2OVER + +2ADP +2H 3 RO 4  2C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 2OVER ∙ N 2 + 2ATP

• Cellular respiration

2C 3 N 4 ABOUT 3 + 6O 2 + 36ADF + 36 N 3 RO 4  42N 2 O + 6CO 2 + (36ATP)

• 2 ATP in glycolysis – anaerobic stage;

• 2 ATP - in the Krebs cycle and
• 34 ATP – due to oxidative

phosphorylation

Total: at the anaerobic stage - 2 ATP, at the aerobic stage - 36 ATP, in total 38 ATP per 1 glucose molecule.

This presentation allows students to discuss complex material in an accessible manner. Everything that students need to remember during the lesson is recorded in the table. To reinforce the material, playing with cards and working with texts is suggested.

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LESSON on the topic: “Energy exchange.” teacher of the highest category Bichel Y.S. GBOU secondary school No. 456 St. Petersburg Kolpinsky district

Repetition of the covered topic.

TEST ON THE TOPIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS In which cell organelles does the process of photosynthesis take place?

When which compound is broken down, free oxygen is released during photosynthesis?

What is the process of decomposition of water under the influence of light called?

During which phase of photosynthesis are ATP and NADP-H formed?

What substances are formed as a result of the dark phase of photosynthesis?

“Growth, reproduction, mobility, excitability, the ability to respond to changes in the external environment - all these properties of living things are ultimately inextricably linked with certain chemical transformations, without which none of these manifestations of life could exist” V.A. Engelhardt

Energy metabolism - CATABOLISM

Objectives: To develop knowledge about the three stages of energy metabolism using the example of carbohydrate metabolism. Describe the reactions of energy metabolism. Be able to classify and generalize the material from complex material into stages, types and places of their occurrence.

Remember the substance associated with all the words written down, determine its role in the cell? Adenine, ribose, energy, 3 phosphoric acid residues, mitochondria, battery, macroergic linkage.

The single and universal source of energy in the cell is ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid), which is formed as a result of the oxidation of organic substances.

What is catabolism? CATABOLISM is a set of reactions of the breakdown of high-molecular compounds with the release of energy.

Stages of catabolism Where occurs Types What is formed Result Result: Fill out the table

Stages of carbohydrate catabolism: a) preparatory b) oxygen-free c) oxygen

STAGE 1 - preparatory Where does it happen? In lysosomes and the digestive tract.

WHAT IS FORMED? Breakdown of polymers into monomers. FOR EXAMPLE: Proteins amino acids Fats glycerol, IVF Carbohydrates glucose What happens when all these substances are broken down?

Energy is dissipated as heat. Summary:

STAGE 2 - oxygen-free oxidation or glycolysis. Where does it happen? In the cytoplasm of cells, without oxygen.

Where: In mitochondria. Types of breakdown Glycolysis Alcoholic fermentation Lactic fermentation Glucose

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen under the action of enzymes.

Where does it happen? What happens in animal cells? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2 H 3 PO 4 phosphorus glucose + 2 ADP = 2 C 3 H 4 O 3 + 2 ATP + 2 H 2 O PVC water Glucose is oxidized using 9 enzymatic reactions. Result: energy in the form of 2 ATP molecules a) Glycolysis

Where does it happen? In plant and some yeast cells. What is formed? 2C 3 H 4 O 3 = 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 + 2ATP PVC ethyl carbon dioxide gas b) Alcoholic fermentation

Where does it happen? In animal cells, in some bacteria. What is formed? With a lack of oxygen - lactic acid. RESULT: 40% of energy is stored in ATP, 60% is dissipated as heat into the environment. c) Lactic fermentation

STAGE 3 - oxygen (aerobic) splitting. Where does it happen?

Intracellular respiration is the complete (to carbon dioxide and water) oxidation of organic substances, which occurs in the presence of the external oxidizing agent oxygen and provides a lot of energy in the form of ATP.

Stages of oxygen oxidation: a) Krebs cycle b) oxidative phosphorylation

The Krebs cycle is a cyclic enzymatic process of complete oxidation of activated acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water.

PVC 3C Acetyl-CoA 2C Citric acid 6C Glutaric acid 5C Succinic acid 4C Fumaric acid 4C Malic acid 4C PIKE 4C CO 2 2H CO 2 CO 2 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H ATP

b) oxidative phosphorylation Result: 2C 3 H 4 O 3 + 6 O 2 + 36ADP + 36 H3PO4 = 36ATP + 6 CO 2 + 42 H 2 O energy in the form of 36 molecules (more than 60% of the energy) ATP, .

Think and answer Why, when mitochondria are destroyed in a cell, there will be a decrease in the level of activity, and then a suspension of cell activity? How many total ATP molecules are formed as a result of energy metabolism?

TOTAL Energy in the form of 38 ATP Total equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 = 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 38 ATP

CONCLUSION: In the body of all living beings, the process of catabolism occurs daily, hourly, every second. Any violation of this process can lead to irreparable consequences! And in order for this process not to be disrupted, it is necessary: ​​...

To generate energy, clean air is needed, i.e. oxygen. 2. Nutrients are needed to produce energy. 3. For the formation of energy, biological catalysts, i.e. enzymes, are required. 4. For the formation of energy, biological activators are needed, i.e. vitamins

The importance of respiration As a result of oxidation, a balance is maintained between the synthesis of organic matter and its decay. CO 2 is used to form carbonates, accumulates in sedimentary rocks, for the process of photosynthesis. The balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained

Recommendations: 1. Constantly ventilate the room, walk more in the fresh air. 2. Eat nutritious food, rich in proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. 3.Do not exclude lactic acid products from your diet. 4. Don't forget about vitamins.

Homework: Paragraph 11-12, question 4 table, compare the two processes oxidation and combustion.

Metabolism
Metabolism (exchange
substances and energy)
Anabolism (assimilation,
plastic exchange,
synthesis of organic
substances)
Catabolism
(dissimilation,
energy metabolism,
organic decay
substances)
With energy consumption
carbohydrates are synthesized
proteins, fats. DNA, RNA,
ATP
With liberation
energy, org. disintegrate.
substances, final
products: CO2, H2O, ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) is a universal energy supplier in all cells
living organisms.
ATP + H2O → ADP + H3PO4 + 40 kJ
ADP + H2O → AMP + H3PO4 + 40 kJ

Plastic metabolism (anabolism, assimilation,
biosynthesis) is when from simple substances with
by the expenditure of energy are formed
(synthesize) more complex ones.
Examples: photosynthesis, protein synthesis.
Energy metabolism (catabolism,
dissimilation, decay) - this is when complex
substances decompose (oxidize) to more
simple, and at the same time energy is released,
necessary for life.
Examples: glycolysis, food digestion.

STAGES OF ENERGY EXCHANGE
at AEROBES
1.Preparatory
2. Oxygen-free
3.Oxygen
IN ANAEROBES
1.Preparatory
2.Oxygen-free

STAGE 1 – preparatory

Where does it happen?
In lysosomes and the digestive tract.

Processes occurring at stage 1

Breakdown of polymers into monomers.
Large molecules in the digestive system
food breaks down:
Polysaccharides → glucose,
Proteins → amino acids,
Fats → glycerol and fatty acids.
Energy is dissipated as heat (ATP is not
is formed). Monomers are absorbed into the blood and
delivered to cells.

STAGE 2 – oxygen-free, incomplete oxidation, anaerobic respiration – glycolysis, fermentation.

Where does it happen?
In the cytoplasm of cells, without oxygen.

Types of splitting
glucose
Glycolysis
Alcohol
fermentation
Lactic sour
fermentation

Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down carbohydrates into
lack of oxygen under the action of enzymes.
Where does it happen?
In animal cells
(mitochondria)
What's happening?
Glucose using
enzymatic reactions
oxidizes
C6H12O6 + 2H3PO4 +2ADP → 2C3H4O3 + 2ATP +2H2O
glucose
phosphorus
PVK
water
acid
Result: energy in the form of 2 ATP molecules.

Alcoholic fermentation
Where does it happen?
What's happening and
is formed?
In plants and some
yeast cells instead
glycolysis
On alcoholic fermentation
based on cooking
wine, beer, kvass. Dough,
mixed with yeast
gives a porous, tasty
bread
C6H12O6 + 2H3PO4 +2ADP → 2C2H5ОH + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2H2O
phosphorus glucose
ethyl
water
acid
alcohol

Lactic acid fermentation
Where does it happen? In human cells
animals, in some species
bacteria and fungi
What is formed? With a lack of oxygen -
lactic acid. Lies in
basis for preparing sour
milk, curdled milk, kefir and
other lactic acid products
nutrition.
RESULT: 40% of energy is stored in ATP, 60%
dissipates as heat into the environment.

STAGE 3 – oxygen, complete oxidation,
aerobic respiration
What's happening? Further oxidation
glycolysis products to CO2 and
H2O using the oxidizing agent O2 and
enzymes and gives a lot of energy
in the form of ATP.
Where does it happen? Carried out in
mitochondria, associated with
matrix of mitochondria and its
internal membranes.
2C3H6O3 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36H3PO4 →
6CO2 + 42H2O + 36ATP

Stages of oxygen oxidation:
a) oxidative decarboxylation of PVK
b) Krebs cycle – cycle of tricarboxylic acids.
c) oxidative phosphorylation

PVK 3S
CO2
2H
Acetyl-CoA 2C
SHCHUK 4S
Apple
acid 4C
Lemon
acid 6C
2H
2H
2H
Fumarovaya
acid 4C
CO2
Glutaric
acid 5C
2H
CO2
ATP
Succinic acid 4C

The Krebs cycle is a cyclic enzymatic process of complete oxidation of organic substances formed during glycolysis to carbon dioxide

Krebs cycle – cyclic
enzymatic process
complete oxidation
organic substances,
formed in the process
glycolysis to carbon dioxide
gas, water and energy
stored in ATP molecules.
Hans Adolf Krebs
(1900-1981)

The overall energy reaction equation
exchange
C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2H3PO4 → 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP + 2H2O
2C3H6O3 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36H3PO4 → 6CO2 + 36ATP + 42H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38H3PO4 → 6CO2 + 38ATP + 44H2O
С6Н12О6 + 6О2 → 6СО2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
RESULT: Energy in the form of 38ATP
Conclusion: To generate energy you need:
1. Clean air, i.e. oxygen.
2. Nutrients.
3. Biological catalysts, i.e. enzymes.
4. Biological activators, i.e. vitamins.

The meaning of breathing
Recommendations
1. As a result of oxidation
balance is maintained
between organic synthesis and
its collapse.
2. CO2 is used for
formation of carbonates,
accumulates in sedimentary
rocks, for process
photosynthesis.
3. Balance is maintained
between oxygen and
carbon dioxide in
atmosphere.
1. Constantly ventilate
room, more
walk in the fresh air
air.
2. Consume full
food rich in proteins
carbohydrates, fats.
3. Do not exclude from the diet
nutrition lactic acid products.
4. Don't forget about vitamins.

Differences
Similarities of photosynthesis
and aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis
Aerobic
breath
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7

Comparison of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
Similarities between photosynthesis and
aerobic respiration
Differences
Photosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
1. A CO2 exchange mechanism is required
and O2.
1. Anabolic process,
from simple inorganic
compounds (CO2 and H2O)
carbohydrates are synthesized.
1. Catabolic process,
carbohydrates are broken down into
CO2 and H2O.
2. Special ones are required
organelles (chloroplasts,
mitochondria).
2. ATP energy
accumulates and stores
in carbohydrates.
2. Energy is stored in
form of ATP.
3. A chain of transport is required ē,
built into membranes.
3. O2 is released.
3. O2 is consumed.
4. Phosphorylation occurs
(ATP synthesis).
4. CO2 and H2O are consumed.
4. CO2 and H2O are released.
5. Cyclical events occur.
5. Increase organic
reactions (Calvin cycle -
masses.
photosynthesis, Krebs cycle – aerobic
breath).
5. Reduction
organic mass.
6. In eukaryotes it occurs in
chloroplasts.
6. In eukaryotes it occurs in
mitochondria.
7. Only in cages,
containing chlorophyll,
to the world
7. In all cells in
course of life
continuously.

Problem solving.

Task 1. During the process of dissimilation,
breakdown of 7 moles of glucose, of which
complete
(oxygen)
splitting
only 2 moles were exposed. Define:
a) how many moles of lactic acid and
carbon dioxide is thus formed;
b) how many moles of ATP are synthesized;
c) how much energy and in what form
accumulated in these ATP molecules;
d) How many moles of oxygen are consumed?
oxidation
formed
at
this
lactic acid.

Solution to problem 1. 1) Out of 7 moles of glucose, 2 underwent complete breakdown, 5 - incomplete (7-2 = 5); 2) we compose an equation for the incomplete splitting of 5 mo

Solution to problem 1.
1) Out of 7 moles of glucose, 2 underwent complete breakdown, 5
– not complete (7-2=5);
2) create an equation for the incomplete splitting of 5 mol
glucose:
5C6H12O6 + 5 2H3PO4 + 5 2ADP = 5 2C3H6O3 + 5 2ATP + 5 2H2O
3) composes the total equation of complete splitting 2
mole of glucose:
2С6H12O6 + 2 6O2 +2 38H3PO4 + 2 38ADP = 2 6CO2+2 38ATP +
2 6H2O + 2 38H2O
4) sum up the amount of ATP: (2 38) + (5 2) = 86 mol ATP;
5) determine the amount of energy in ATP molecules:
86 40 kJ = 3440 kJ.

Answer to problem 1: a) 10 mol of lactic acid, 12 mol of CO2; b) 86 mol ATP; c) 3440 kJ, in the form of chemical bond energy of high-energy bonds in molecules

Answer to problem 1:
a) 10 mol lactic acid, 12 mol CO2;
b) 86 mol ATP;
c) 3440 kJ, in the form of chemical bond energy
macroergic bonds in the ATP molecule;
d) 12 mol O2.