Charm dolls

Charm - an amulet or a magic spell that saves a person from various dangers, as well as an object on which the spell is spoken and which is worn on the body as a talisman.
The amulet doll is an ancient, mysterious and mysterious symbol of the Slavs. In ancient times, a doll was not just a toy, but a talisman and an essential attribute of various rituals. The age of the most ancient doll, found by scientists at the excavations of graves in the Czech Republic, is 40 thousand years.
Amulet dolls protect the house, children from dark forces, quarrels, illnesses, the evil eye. The dolls are well taken care of. They are given a special place in the house, put in a red corner, hidden in a chest, put in a dowry. Each doll has its protective meaning and is associated with the main significant things and events in the life of a Russian person - with the Kin, Family, Home, Happiness, Health, Prosperity.
In modern home rituals, the doll serves to align the energy-information, psycho-energetic field of the whole family. As an esoteric and meditative object, it gives a person confidence, balance, a sense of security. The doll with its presence gently creates a good emotional background.
When a doll appears in your house, you will immediately feel how the atmosphere in it will change. It will bring comfort and warmth. And most importantly, the inner world begins to change for the better, and behind it, life completely!

In Rus', amulet dolls were made from improvised material - wood, fabric, thread, straw, bones. Each doll was made for a specific purpose, had its own name, its own history, its own rite of preparation. For example, the doll "Krupenichka". It is based on a canvas bag with buckwheat, decorated with threads and fabrics. Such a doll lured prosperity into the house, promised a good future harvest and an increase in the family. It used to be believed that if a “Kuvatka” or “Nanny” hangs over a child’s crib, then it drives away this evil force. Two weeks before the birth of the child, the expectant mother placed such a doll - a charm in the cradle. When the parents went to work in the field, and the child was alone in the house, he looked at these little dolls and calmly played.

It is known that doll dresses were sewn not just like that, but with meaning. The outfit should always have a red color - the color of the sun, warmth, health, joy. And they also believed that it has a protective effect: it protects against the evil eye and injuries. The embroidered pattern that once decorated the doll's outfit was also not accidental. Each of its elements kept a magical meaning, and the pattern in the face of the doll was supposed to protect the child. The word "pattern" meant "prize", i.e. "watching". Therefore, on the doll dress, as well as on the costume of an adult, they embroidered: circles, crosses, rosettes - signs of the sun; female figurines and deer - symbols of fertility; wavy lines are signs of water; horizontal lines - signs of the earth, diamonds with dots inside - a symbol of a sown field; vertical lines - signs of a tree, eternally living nature.
Some dolls were made not only for themselves or for their loved ones, but also "for ransom". You can’t buy such dolls, they will lose their strength, but it’s easy to buy them back. The main thing is to choose with your soul from the mass of dolls exactly the one that is yours! So that when you see this doll, you feel that it is yours, that you already know where to put it or put it. Only then will this doll be a talisman for you. Well, in the place where this doll lay, they put a ransom - money, goods, food.
A log doll is a talisman for the family. The basis of the doll is a birch log, which is a symbol of male power. All details of the female image are tied to the log with braids, ribbons without the use of needles.

It is interesting that Slavic dolls (however, like some other peoples of the world) have one characteristic feature. These dolls have no face.
More precisely - the face of the doll can be knitted with some traditional pattern,
threads, natural materials. But faces cannot have eyes, mouth, nose.
It was believed that such a doll would not allow an evil spirit to inhabit itself and create evil around itself, and besides this, such a doll cannot be a double of a person, and with its help it will not be possible to harm a person.

Charm dolls:

1. Kuvatka.
2. Angel.
3. Fever.
4. Day and night.
5. Paraskeva.
6. Vepsian.
7. Grandma's doll.
8. Bell.

ritual dolls

The Russian land is rich in rituals, and not only Russian. On all continents, all peoples perform peculiar rituals, in which dolls are participants. Ritual dolls were revered and placed in a hut, in a red corner. They had a ritual purpose. It used to be thought that if there is a hand-made doll “Fertility” in the house, then there will be prosperity and a good harvest.

The doll "Kupavka" is a ritual doll of one day, which existed in the Ryazan, Tula, Vladimir and Kaluga provinces. “Kupavka” personified the beginning of bathing. She was floated on the water, and the ribbons tied to her hands took human illnesses and hardships with them - such importance was attached to the cleansing power of water. This doll of the holidays of Agrafena Kupalnitsa and Ivan Kupala. The procedure for making "Kupavka" is very simple. Two sticks of different lengths are tied crosswise. On the upper part of the cross, they strengthen the head of a light-colored fabric stuffed with rags, the hands of the doll are covered with the same fabric. Fix the fabric on the neck, arms and belt of the doll. Tie the straps of a sundress made of bright fabric. They put a skirt, a scarf on the doll, tie a belt, and tie ribbons of fabric on their hands. Since this doll is summer, it is customary to decorate it with grass, fresh flowers, green twigs.

The ritual doll “Maslenitsa” was made of straw or bast, but a tree was always used - a thin trunk of a birch. Straw, like wood, personified the exuberant power of vegetation. Clothes on the doll should be with a floral pattern. In the Tula province, the Maslenitsa doll was human-sized, made of bast or straw. It was fixed on a wooden cross. The doll was decorated with ribbons, artificial flowers. On her hands they put dishes used in the preparation of pancakes, hung ribbons, tying which people made wishes. These ribbons, in order for wishes to come true, had to burn down with the doll. “Home Shrovetide” is a doll that existed in the Tula province. She was called the daughter of Maslenitsa or her younger sister. It is a small, 20 - 25 cm high, straw or bast doll with a white rag face. “Home Maslenitsa” symbolized strong prosperity and healthy offspring of a young family. She was considered a strong amulet of the home, fulfilling the precepts of the owners of the house. They kept this doll in a red corner or at the entrance to a dwelling. On one of the days of the festive Maslenitsa week, when young people came to their mother-in-law for pancakes, this doll was put up in windows or yards. According to tradition, the bride and groom were greeted with “Home Shrovetide”.

In some provinces there was a Goat doll. It is based on a wooden cross, and the muzzle, horns, beard are made of bast and straw. “Goat” was dressed in a bright special dress and a sheepskin coat (or fur coat). Ritual items were attached over the sheepskin coat: pipes, hurdy-gurdies, tambourines, a horseshoe as a gift for good luck, bells, bells, wooden beads, earrings, gift bags, well-being wreaths with small red bags with cereal grains, a wooden block as a gift to a bachelor, as a reminder of the need to get married. The “Goat” doll was a symbol of vitality, and she had to bring this strength to the owner of the hut and his land, his field, so that bread would be better born.

Ash doll - was given to young people at a wedding. This is an ancient symbol of procreation, an intermediary between those living on earth and the kingdom of the dead. The ash doll is, as it were, the spirit of the ancestors, addressed to the descendants.

I must say that the people have always attached importance to the health of children and families. So some ritual dolls were healing. This is Kozma and Demyan. They were made from medicinal herbs: yarrow, chamomile and other herbs. There is such a legend. Two brothers lived in Rus' - the weather. They were disinterested. These brothers treated people and did not take money or food for treatment. But one day one of the brothers took some food for work. Another brother was very offended by him and asked after death to bury them in different places, but the people judged in their own way. After all, food is food for existence, not money, and therefore they were buried together. For good deeds they were elevated to the rank of saints. Therefore, they used to make dolls in their honor and put them in a red corner so that they would bring goodness and health to the house.
Of course, ceremonial dolls cannot be considered a child's toy. After all, the traditional rag doll is faceless. The face, as a rule, was not indicated, it remained white. In the villages, they explained this simply by the inability to beautifully paint the face, and there were no such colors. But the meaning is much deeper. A doll without a face was considered an inanimate object, inaccessible to evil, unkind forces, and therefore harmless to a child. She was supposed to bring him well-being, health, joy.

Ritual dolls:

1. Lovebirds.
2. World tree.
3. Shrovetide and "homemade Shrovetide"
4. Kolyada.
5. Kostroma.
6. "Cuckoo" or cuckoo doll.
7. Pokosnitsa.
8. Kupavka.
9. Goat.
10. Ash doll.
11. Kozma and Demyan.
12. Cabbage.

Amulet doll Kubyshka-herbalist.

Slavic ritual doll Babka.
A grandmother was given to a young woman who had recently married, with the words: "A woman does not sit idle !!!". The grandmother was transmitted as a symbol of wisdom, life experience. And the hands were tied to the basket, to the case. Her profile really turns out to be characteristic, demanding, but at the same time kind and funny. This is a Vyatka doll, it is not protective and not playful, it is a gift.

Slavic amulet doll Bereginya.
Beregini - protective dolls, are considered assistants to the housewives. Dolls with bags of happiness - bring harmony and happiness to the house. Bereginya doll is a symbol of well-being and prosperity, and her large breasts are a symbol of satiety, health, the image of a married woman. This is the most ancient amulet doll. Beregini are made only with good intentions and in good spirits. They can be given at the entrance / housewarming, New Year, birthday, even a wedding as an addition.

Slavic amulet doll Grace.
The “Grace” doll was made and presented with the words: “Do not be sad, do not be discouraged, do not give up.” Blues doll; the wish for prosperity, well-being, satiety and healthy children - this is indicated by large breasts. This doll is made for well-being and they ask her for blessings as much as necessary. The “good giver” never gives up on doing good deeds, she helps us understand what is good for us and see it for ourselves in a changing world.

Slavic amulet doll Bogach.
Women of the Moscow region made a charm - the rich man's doll. In appearance, the Rich Man is a simple bag, but in fact a faithful assistant. When creating the Rich Man, they thought about their kind, ancestors with love and gratitude. Like any amulet, he was given a clear task, for example: profit and prosperity for the next year, protection of the well-being of the family, etc. After all, whatever one may say, a peasant brings wealth to the house.

The most ancient amulet doll of our ancestors God's Eye.
This is the most ancient protective doll of our ancestors - the Eye of God, or God's Eye. The cruciform composition expresses the idea of ​​spreading the forces of good or guarding forces to all four cardinal directions. The "God's eye" is placed above the front door to the house, room, above the child's bed, in a place that is clearly visible to the person entering. The bright and unexpected image of the amulet attracts the attention of the incoming, who forgets about the bad intention towards the owners of the house.

Slavic amulet doll Veduchka.
Veduchka is a type of wooden doll typical of the 19th century Sergius toy. Previously, such figurines depicted a nurse leading a baby, hence the local name vedochka (leading to life). She turns out to be not only Veduchka, but also a sorceress, like all mothers. This is an image of a woman with a child who has recently begun to walk. She supports him, teaches him, guides him. It even seems to me more - it’s not just that she teaches him to walk “physically”, but brings him to life ... Veduchka’s feature - the hands of a mother and a child - are one. The doll is a talisman of mother and child.

Slavic ritual doll Verbnitsa.
Making Easter dolls - "Verbnitz" - is a more difficult job than painting an Easter egg. The general manufacturing technology does not differ from the general manufacturing technology of rag dolls. However, Verbnica's face and hands are made of red cloth, symbolizing Easter and the Renaissance. Such a doll is considered a gift and can replace an Easter egg. Since ancient times, such dolls have always been prepared before the holiday.

Slavic amulet doll Day - Night.
Dolls "Day and Night" - dolls-amulets of the dwelling. Pupae protect the change of day and night, order in the world. During the day they put forward light, and at night - dark. Doll "Day" - young, lively, mobile, hardworking and cheerful. She is the mistress of the day and makes sure that on weekdays people work, work, have fun on holidays, sing, dance, play, so that the sun shines during the day. Doll "Night" - wise, thoughtful, calm, she is the mistress of the night. The night is magical. It changes both things and people. She brings another world. Everything is mysterious at night.

Slavic amulet doll Dolya.
Traditional doll amulet Share - the personification of fate. The most ancient female Deity Makosh endowed everyone with a share, and her assistants (Share and Nedolya, or Srecha and Nesrecha) spun the threads of fate for everyone. Love and thank your Share, whatever it may be, create with your thoughts and hands! You look, gratitude and love will be answered in the same way! May your Share be happy!

Slavic gift doll Zhelannitsa.
Such a girlfriend - the doll Zhelannitsa - was in the village of every girl. No one should have shown it. You used to make a wish, sew a bead on a doll’s dress as a gift, for example, and bring a mirror to your face: “Look, what a beauty you are. And for a gift, fulfill my desire. And then you hide your girlfriend in a secluded place for the time being ... You may not believe it, but everything you ask is fulfilled.

Slavic healing doll Health.
The healing doll "Health" is made only from linen threads, since it is believed that linen is very environmentally friendly with its natural properties and, taking the disease upon itself, helps a person to get better. This doll is not decorated with anything and does not tolerate fuss, but on the contrary, it must be done, trying to stay in a state of goodness as much as possible, concentrating on thoughts about the sick person for whom it is being done.

Slavic ritual doll Kolyada.
This doll is a symbol of the sun and good relations in the family. She was a portly woman, dressed in everything new and smart. On her behalf, carolers wished happiness and prosperity. Bread and salt are in bags suspended from the belt. A broom is stuck in the belt, with which Kolyada drives away evil spirits. Kolyada was left in the house for a year. It was believed that she brings happiness, peace and harmony in the family. A year later, the carol was burned and a new one was made.

Slavic amulet doll Krupenichka - Zernovushka.
Krupenichki - amulets for satiety, prosperity in the family. These are amulets that, according to popular belief, bring prosperity, well-being to the house, help to achieve success in work and career. If you bring a grain doll into the house, then it is better to find a place for it in the kitchen (closer to the refrigerator, so that there is always a lot of delicious food). If you work at home, then settle it at the workplace. This girl should be well-fed and full, and you need to dress her as brightly as possible, then success and prosperity will never leave your home. Also, women made this doll so that there were children in the family.

Slavic healing doll Kubyshka - Herbalist.
The herbal capsule is filled with fragrant medicinal herb. The doll then makes sure that the disease does not enter the house, such a doll can be hung over the child's bed, let him play. You can also leave it by the patient's bed. This doll is filled with scented medicinal herbs. The chrysalis must be crushed in the hands, moved, and the herbal spirit will spread around the room, which will drive away the spirits of disease. After 2 years, the grass in the chrysalis must be changed. This is exactly what our ancestors did.

Slavic amulet dolls Kuvadka.
In ancient times, there was such a rite of "kuvada", the magic of which was associated with the sacrament of the birth of a child. In some provinces, two weeks before the birth of a child, the expectant mother placed such a doll - a charm in the cradle, so that the kuvadka would heat the cradle for the baby. When the parents went to work in the field, and the child was alone in the house, he looked at these little dolls and calmly played. As a rule, these toys were small in size and all of different colors, this developed the baby's vision.

Slavic ritual, healing doll Kupavka.
Kupavka personified the beginning of bathing. This is a doll of the holidays of Agrafena Kupalnitsa and Ivan Kupala. Kupavka is a healing and ritual doll. Doll of one day. Kupavka is made on birch branches with ribbons - ribbons on the hands. Ribbons tied illnesses, ailments, ailments that happened to the owners in a year. The doll was lowered into the water and the doll, sailing away, took with it illnesses and hardships. Water had great cleansing power.

Slavic ritual dolls of Martinichka.
Martinichki are two dolls connected by a belt, twisted from threads - white and red, male and female. Red and white color - personify the ardent power of life and the will of the gods for this life given. United male and female figurines of different colors - the unity of two principles, the Slavic analogue of Yin-Yang. The name Martinichka already indicates that this doll was made in March. She "called" spring, brought her beginning closer, celebrated and rejoiced at her arrival.

Slavic ritual doll World Tree.
In addition to the lovebird dolls that “guarded” the wedding train, there were other “protector” dolls at Russian weddings. Among them, a special place was occupied by the "world tree". In the old days, the Slavs likened the world to a tree, the roots symbolized the underworld, the trunk - the world of living people, the crown - heaven (World Tree). The birth of a new family was likened to the birth of the World Tree of Life. The wedding cake was solemnly transported to the groom's house, its pieces were distributed to the relatives of the bride and groom, which saw the unity of the related families, and the young people received the middle of the cake with the World Tree.

Slavic amulet doll Moskovka.
Moskovka doll is a talisman of a strong friendly family. She was kept in a house somewhere higher - on a closet, on a shelf, and was not given into the hands of anyone else. The basis of the doll is a birch log or a "rolling pin" made of fabric - a symbol of male power, and the doll itself is the archetype of the mother and symbolizes maternal care and love. If a woman in a family could not give birth in any way, then a doll was made - Moskovka, so that with her stateliness and splendor she would bring and embody the spirit of happy motherhood and fatherhood in the family. According to popular belief, this doll helps to realize the desire to have healthy child and also protects good relations in the family.

Slavic amulet doll for a man on the road - Plantain.
Doll Man on the road. The hostess twisted them for her husband on the road, when he went hunting and fishing. She is very small, handy. He kept her in his fist. In the bundle, the wife put ash - a symbol of the hearth, so that he would safely return to the house, or cereals - so that he would be full on the road! Doll "On the Road" helps men not to break the connection with the house, with the family, always feel the warmth and care of loved ones.

Slavic amulet doll Lovebirds.
Charm doll - lovebirds. The history of this doll is interesting. At first glance, these are male and female dolls that seem to be just a couple holding hands. But, if you look closely, you can see that they have one hand and is made of a single piece of cloth or stick, and, therefore, they cannot be separated. Such a hand was considered a symbol of unity and the fact that from now on they will literally go through life hand in hand, dividing all deeds and troubles in half.

Slavic Protector.
The guardian is made of ribbons, aspen sticks, dolls - angels, beads, leaves and other different little things that attract the eye. In Rus', it was important to attract the attention of a person entering the house with bright, varied and shiny pendants in order to distract him from the bad thoughts with which he could enter your house. Seeing such beauty, a person was distracted, lost and forgot all the bad and evil that was on his mind.

Slavic amulet doll Cleansing.
According to tradition, the Cleansing Doll got rid of the “bad” energy in the house. For example, after a family quarrel, a woman opened windows and doors, picked up a doll and, using it as a symbolic broom, swept all the negativity away from the hut. The doll is common Slavic, it was everywhere. The main (canonical) is the presence of the chest, legs and a protective cross in the lower part of the body.

Slavic amulet doll Paraskeva.
The Paraskeva doll (from Greek Friday) in the deep Slavic Vedic form was the female deity Makosh. This is one of the most powerful symbols. Goddess of family and destiny and everything connected with their strengthening and well-being. Now Paraskeva is interpreted as an assistant in all works and crafts. Paraskeva is the keeper of small handicrafts. A kind of needle. It will be possible to impose pieces of braid, flagella, laces on it, pin pins, needles, maybe sew a button - all the little things that can be useful in needlework.

Slavic ritual doll Bird - Joy.
"Bird of Joy" - a doll of the spring rite associated with the arrival of spring. Existed in the Tula province, the ceremony was held in March. Married women participated - they were the main participants in the ceremony, but girls could also participate. Women dressed in bright, elegant clothes. Especially decorated with headdresses in the form of birds. Decorated with feathers, fur edges. The women themselves took on the forms of birds.

Slavic amulet doll Severnaya Bereginya.
Doll "Northern Bereginya" is a charm for the house. She was placed in the northern corner of the hut. She protected and brought prosperity to the house. The multi-layeredness of this doll indicated the many human bodies, the many worlds, the many incarnations of the soul. And all this she is called to save.

Slavic amulet doll Simeon - Stylite.
This amulet is a symbol of the infinity of life, the masculine principle, without which the feminine is weak and fruitless. In order to protect and preserve his kin, a man must stand firmly on the ground, be a pillar, a support for all the weak and defenseless. Later, a tradition appeared to give this amulet - the doll of Simeon the Stylite - to men so that their strength would never run out. Simeon adds strength to men.

Slavic amulet, ritual doll Spiridon - Solstice.
The chrysalis is male and is given to a man to help Spiridon-Solstice to “steer” the owner of the house in his affairs. But he has one more meaning: This doll was made to bring about the desired changes in life. Spiridon by turning the wheel can change life, directing it in the right direction. Also, this doll has established itself as a good amulet for motorists and their cars.

Slavic amulet doll Happiness.
Doll Happiness is a folk doll-amulet. This little girl with a very long braid and arms raised to the sun. The doll's braid is thick - health and long life. The doll stands firmly on its feet, leaning on a scythe. This speaks of her strong support in life and the happiness that she will bring to the owner. The scythe, as a symbol of the feminine and feminine strength, symbolizes health, prosperity, beauty and long life.

Slavic amulet doll Torokhkoltse.
Such a doll perfectly disperses horror stories lurking in the corners, calms and drives away bad dreams. And if it gets into the baby’s mouth, it’s convenient to scratch the gums that are itching from erupting teeth. The use of toro-ring dolls in communication with children gives excellent results. Their soft voice can be an element of putting the child to bed every night. It calms and drives away bad dreams. Yes, and for an adult, a small doll can help to pull himself together, protect himself from "collision" on a subtle plane.

Slavic amulet doll Fillipovka (bast or fabric).
Eldest friend of Ten Hands doll Fillipovka. This is a more serious and strong doll, helper married women. And the Filipovka doll itself is an adult and wise woman. The Filipovka doll is not just a craftswoman and assistant in business. She is a manager who takes care of her mistress, helps her in her work, in the skillful distribution of her strength and time, in the proper organization of work among family members or colleagues. With the help of the Filipovka doll, we recall the main task of a woman - to be a protector and protector of her family.

Slavic amulet doll Hostess is a prosperous person.
According to legend, a doll, inside of which a coin is hidden, brings good luck and prosperity to the house, protects the hearth, keeps the family. By presenting such a doll to relatives or friends, you will forever save them from failures and discord. The handles of this doll are inextricably linked and closed in a ring. This ring securely protects your wealth and good luck.

Slavic doll healer - Autumn Fever.
Likhomanka traditional rag dolls are special dolls, they are a kind of bait. Their role is to attract the attention of the disease villain who has flown into the house. Our grandmothers believed that the evil spirit of the disease would fly into the house in search of its victim, see the bright elegant Likhomanok dolls, think that it was a person, and move into one of them. Therefore Likhomanok dolls are made from bright, very eye-catching fabrics.

Slavic amulet doll Bannik.
The people believe that the bannik lives and guards the bathhouse, just like a house dwelling, and after washing he is supposed to leave a broom, soap and water so that he can also wash himself, otherwise he will get angry and will necessarily sprinkle with boiling water, blow smoke into the bathhouse or throw it with a red-hot stone. For a Russian person, the banya was much more than today's baths and showers. The bathhouse was the main hospital, the laundry room, the maternity hospital, and a meeting place for important conversations. And the bannik itself is the most terrible yard evil spirits. Usually a bannik behaves hostilely if a person violates his prohibitions.
Information partially from the site vedmast.narod.ru

The oldest samples of such dolls were found in Egypt - in the burial places contemporary with the pyramids. The history of Russia cannot be imagined without these little wonderful creatures: in every Russian family they knew how to twist at least 30 varieties of dolls, and they were play, ritual, or protective.

Bereginya

Amulet dolls of various peoples of the world. Incl. and Russian ones have one characteristic feature: they are faceless. They may have a clean face, knitted with some traditional pattern, threads, natural materials, but the faces do not have eyes. Nose, mouth. Researchers of this phenomenon in folk culture say that faceless dolls do not allow evil forces to move into the doll and do evil where they are. And also a faceless doll cannot be a double of any person and no one can harm such a doll to a living person.

The log doll presented here is typical for such regions of Russia as Kaluga, Tula, Moscow, Smolensk and others bordering on them. Such a doll is a talisman for the family. The basis of the doll is a birch log, which is a symbol of male power. The log is dressed with attributes of female power: clothes, head, breasts, sometimes hands are symbolically indicated. All details of the female image are tied to the log with braids, ribbons without the use of needles.

The third symbol of the coastline is baby dolls, which can be tied to the mother's body. Hanging on strings in various ways. The shore doll decorated in this way is a symbol of the unity of the male and female principles and the continuation of the human race.

The doll - coastline is not bought, but redeemed. According to the old rules, the doll is selected from a large number of dolls. Anyone who wants to have her in the house communicates with the dolls, examining them. One or more dolls will let the person know. That they want to live in his house. He will understand this by the feeling that he will have in relation to a certain doll. He will even mentally see where exactly in the house the brought doll will be located. Then he himself determines the value of this doll and puts a ransom on the place where she stood: money, a thing, food, fabrics, etc. Beregini dolls carry only a good beginning and, according to popular beliefs, placed in a house somewhere above the head of people, protect people from dark forces, quarrels, and diseases.

I. and A. Kotov. Russian rituals and traditions. Folk Doll

It has been known since ancient times, remaining forever young. Its history can be traced from the time of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids to the present day. She is not affected by time, she still finds her way to the hearts of children and adults.
Wherever a person settles and lives, from the harsh snowy Arctic expanses to the sultry, waterless sands of the desert, the doll is his constant companion. It is simple, but in this simplicity lies a great mystery.

The doll is not born by itself: it is created by a person. It comes to life through the imagination and will of its creator. Being a part of the culture of all mankind, the doll retains in its image the originality and characteristic features of the people who create it. This is the main value of the traditional folk doll. Today, unfortunately, the ancient roots of the origin of the doll have been lost.

Initially, it served as both a totem and a ritual symbol, later turning into a children's toy. The most inspired doll makers are children. The doll is a visible mediator between the world of childhood and the world of adults. Through the puppet world, children enter life as full members of society, and for adults, this is the only opportunity to return to the world of childhood.

The shelves of modern stores delight the eye with the endless perfection of a variety of doll products. It's no secret that adults make about a third of purchases in toy stores for themselves. Such dolls are admired, the interiors of apartments are decorated, they are collected. But the most beloved doll will always be only the one that is made with your own hands, enlivened by your own inspired imagination. Let it not have impeccably symmetrical lines and clearly drawn features of a repeatedly replicated face, but there will be something in it that warms the look and fills the heart with a gentle wave. In this creation of human hands one can feel what we call the soul.

herbal pod

This doll is filled with scented medicinal herbs. The chrysalis must be crushed in the hands, moved, and the herbal spirit will spread around the room, which will drive away the spirits of disease. After 2 years, the grass in the chrysalis must be changed. This is exactly what our ancestors did.

The herbalist makes sure that the disease does not enter the house. Warmth emanates from her, as from a caring hostess. She is both a protector from evil spirits of illness, and a good comforter. She was hung in the house over the cradle of the child. The doll was given to children to play with. She was also placed near the bed of the patient.

Material for work:
1. Patch of light fabric 20 x 20 cm. - 1 PC.
2. A patch of light fabric in a small pattern 10 x 10 cm. - 2 pcs.
3. A triangular patch of bright plain fabric for a scarf ½ 30 x 30 cm. - 1 PC.
4. A strip of red fabric 20 x 1 cm. - 1 PC.
5. A patch of colored fabric 40 x 40 cm. - 1 PC.
6. A patch of colored fabric 5 x 5 cm. - 2 pcs.
7. Sewing or lace, or a bright strip of fabric 7 x 10 cm. for an apron - 1 pc.
8. Braid for a belt 25cm.
9. Red threads
10. Fragrant medicinal herbs 3-5 items, 10 gr. Each
11. Sintepon or pieces of rags to fill the doll.
12. Needle
13. Scissors

At the heart of the doll is a twist of linen fabric, and instead of the body, a bag is made and filled with grass. Two small bags of grass are also tied to the hands of the doll. The doll is dressed up, and for a long time it pleases the inhabitants of the house with the smell of meadow herbs and a beautiful outfit.

Technology for making capsules:

1. We take a piece of light fabric in the middle, put a synthetic winterizer or rags.

2. We make the head of the doll, trying to keep the face without wrinkles. To do this, with a red thread, we tie an even number of turns in place of the intended neck.

3. We straighten the fabric diagonally, laying the halves of the flap on top of each other. At the ends of the diagonal, we bend the fabric and tie an even number of turns with a red thread at a distance of 2-2.5 cm. from the edge. We get hands.

4. Raise your hands up and tie an even number of turns with a red thread in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe intended waist.

5. We take patches of light fabric in a small pattern. And in the same way as the head, we make 2 breasts. Each breast is slightly smaller than the head.

6. Tie each breast separately to the neck.

7. We take a strip of red color and tie two knots on it at a distance of 1.5-2 cm. from each other.

8. We tie a red strip on the head and get horns.

9. We hide the horns by tying a scarf on the head, which is tied at the back.

10. We take a large piece of colored fabric, lay it out on the table, bend the ends to the middle.

11. Baste along the edge with large stitches so that you can pull it into a bag in the future.

12. Pour some grass in the middle. We put a synthetic winterizer or rags on top of the grass. Then we add grass again. Then again sintepon. Alternate layers until we get enough.

13. We put the upper part of the doll into a sundress and tighten the edges, evenly distributing the folds.

14. Under the chest we tie the apron inside out.

15. From above we tie the doll with a belt.

16. We take small pieces of colored fabric, fill each with fragrant grass and bandage them.

17. We hang these bags to the hands of the doll.

18. After that, the doll needs to get along a little, rumple, remove bumps, tubercles.

Here is the herbal capsule and ready!

Doll from time immemorial

The very first dolls (how long ago it was - I don’t know, probably at the dawn of mankind) were made from ash. Strange as it may seem, but that's how it is. Ash was taken from the hearths, mixed with water. Then a ball rolled up, and a skirt was attached to it. Such a doll was called Baba - a female deity. "Baba" was passed down the female line from grandmother to granddaughter, and was given as a gift on the wedding day. This doll obviously did not have a playful character, but was a talisman. What? Charm of a woman, home, hearth. When moving to a new place, this doll from the ashes of the hearth was taken with them, apparently in order to have a hearth, comfort, home again in a new place.

These were the dolls. And this is only a small part of all that diversity. All of them carried a magical effect. Of course, someone can say that all this is fiction, but people believed in it. This knowledge lived for a very long time and was passed down from generation to generation. If a person wants to believe and see power, as it seems at first glance, in a simple doll, then this doll will become magical for him, and if not, then ...

White-faced, busty and braid will certainly ...

HISTORY OF THE RAG DOLL

A traditional toy in the life of the Russian village, even in the poorest peasant families, has long been a rag doll. In other houses, up to a hundred of them accumulated.
Dolls were not only girlish fun. Until the age of 7-8 all the children played while they were wearing shirts. But only boys began to wear ports, and girls began to wear a skirt, their playing roles and the games themselves were strictly separated.
While the children were small, mothers, grandmothers, older sisters sewed dolls for them. From the age of five, any girl could already do such a nursery rhyme.
Cloth doll - the simplest image of a female figure. A piece of cloth, rolled into a "rolling pin", carefully covered with linen. face with a white rag, breasts made of even, tightly stuffed balls, a hair braid with a ribbon woven into it, and an outfit of colorful rags.
Getting older, the girls sewed more intricate dolls, and sometimes turned to a craftswoman, a woman, who made these dolls painfully good, and she made them to order.
The face was embroidered or pointed with a pencil, and in earlier dolls with charcoal. They necessarily attached a braid and woven a ribbon into it if they sewed a girl, and if they sewed a woman, they really took apart the hairstyle. They dressed up beautifully, they would tie an apron and a belt over the shirt. Girls - handkerchiefs, women will put on a borushka.
The ability of the child was evaluated by adults. The doll was considered as a standard of needlework, often for gatherings, along with a spinning wheel, teenage girls took a cart with dolls. They judged the skill and taste of their owner. In puppet games, children involuntarily learned to sew, embroider, spin, comprehended the traditional art of dressing.
Toys were never left on the street, they were not scattered around the hut, but they were kept in baskets, boxes, locked in chests. They took it to the harvest and to gatherings. Dolls were allowed to take on a visit, they were put in a dowry. They allowed to play the "young woman" who came to the groom's house after the wedding, because they were married from the age of 14. She hid them in the attic and secretly played with them. The elder in the house was the father-in-law, and he strictly ordered the women not to laugh at the young woman. Then these dolls passed to the children.
Almost all village holiday ceremonies were played in puppet games. Most often, weddings are a particularly impressive, solemn and beautiful Russian folk ceremony. They took the game very seriously, keeping the sequence of the ritual, memorizing and repeating the conversations of adults, ritual songs performed by them. For the game they gathered in groups in the hut, in the barn, in the summer on the street. And each girl brought with her a box of dolls. There were up to twenty or more of them in the game: the bridegroom, the bride, the parents of the young, the bandage girlfriends, the kokushniki girlfriends, the thousand man, the cart driver and all the rest, as it should be at a real wedding. Scene after scene, the matchmaking, the establishment of a pilgrimage, gatherings, a bathhouse, a bachelorette party unfold. The doll bride was untwisted, and the girl who played for the doll friend began to cry. After the wedding, the bride-doll had her hair braided into two braids and styled like a woman, seated at the princely table, then the young people were left alone, and the puppet wedding ended there.

In a rustic doll preferred female image, even in children's games, if a fiance doll or a man was needed, they just took a sliver.

Like other peoples, the Russians put a certain meaning into the toy. She was endowed with the magical power of fertility. That is why often a toy is a wedding attribute. Dolls dressed in red chintz rags adorned "kulichka" and "gingerbread" (that was the name of sacrificial bread in Russia).

A doll or a child was given into the hands of the bride in order to provide a new family with offspring. This ancient custom has now become a joke ceremony. At the wedding table, an offering was made to the bride, and she had to "publicly" look at it. The gift was wrapped, wrapped, and in it was a small doll. In many Russian fairy tales, magical helper dolls are found and help the heroes.

Of course, ceremonial dolls cannot be considered a child's toy. After all, the traditional rag doll is faceless. The face, as a rule, was not indicated, it remained white. In the villages, they explained this simply by the inability to beautifully paint the face, and there were no such colors. But the meaning is much deeper. A doll without a face was considered an inanimate object, inaccessible to evil, unkind forces, and therefore harmless to a child. She was supposed to bring him well-being, health, joy. This is a miracle: from several rags, without arms, without legs, without a marked face, the character of the doll is conveyed. The doll has many faces, she can laugh and cry.

The very image of a village rag doll is close to folklore: "White-faced, busty and scythe by all means, and dressed up anywhere." Here the beauty of the girl materialized in a doll that corresponded to the symbol - a beautiful image of girlhood.
Using the same techniques, amulets were also made from rags. These are twelve "lihodeek dolls": "Fire", "Ledey", "Shaking" and others, personifying, according to popular belief, Herod's daughters. Usually such dolls hung in a hut near the stove, protecting the owners from diseases.

On the dolls of the northern provinces, there is a traditional sundress and a solid kokoshnik, trimmed with a mesh bottom made of white and transparent beads, in continuation of the traditions of pearl trimmings. Girls especially like the wedding suit for its quiet beauty.
And the costume of the peasant women of the Ryazan province is characterized by a riot of colors. The doll is dressed in a traditional poneva with a seam, which is always richly decorated, in a shirt with embroidered sleeves, and a woman's headdress "forty" with an embroidered headpiece and a beaded headdress is obligatory.

So, what do you and I need: scissors, a needle, threads, colored patches, a white piece of fabric for making the doll's body, its base, which is called a "rolling pin", small buttons, colored braid, floss threads for a braid, beads or small beads.
First, let's make a "rolling pin". We tightly roll up a piece of unnecessary fabric and sheathe it with a white rag, you can use an old magazine for this purpose, rolling it into a tube and also sheathing it with white material. We visually divide the "rolling pin" into five parts, one part is occupied by the face, the rest is the torso.
Now we will sew a sundress for the doll. Let's take a rectangular flap with a width of approximately 2.5 volumes of the "rolling pin", grind it and decorate it with braid. Then we pick up the top of the sundress on a double thread, put it on the "rolling pin", tighten it and tie the thread in a knot. The dress is ready. We will make puffy sleeves for it, also from rectangular pieces of matter, stitching and gathering on a thread in two places: above and below. We sew the sleeves at the junction of the sundress and the doll's head.
From the threads of the "mulina" weave a pigtail and attach it. Then we tie a ribbon around the doll's head with a beautiful bow, and also tie a sundress with a braid.
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twist doll

A twisted doll is an amulet so ancient that now no one can say who and where first twisted a rag doll. The oldest samples of such dolls were found in Egypt - in the burial places contemporary with the pyramids. The history of Russia cannot be imagined without these little wonderful creatures: in every Russian family they knew how to twist at least 30 varieties of dolls, and they were play, ritual, or protective.

The very first dolls were made from ashes. Strange as it may seem, but that's how it is. Ash was taken from the hearths, mixed with water. Then a ball rolled up, and a skirt was attached to it. Such a doll was called Baba - a female deity. "Baba" was passed down the female line from grandmother to granddaughter, and was given as a gift on the wedding day. This doll obviously did not have a playful character, but was a talisman. What? I think - a talisman of a woman, a home, a hearth. When moving to a new place, this doll from the ashes of the hearth was taken with them, apparently in order to have a hearth, comfort, home again in a new place.

Another very ancient doll is known. When a woman cut her hair, she collected it in a small bag and made a doll. It was believed that when a person fell ill, he had to be surrounded by such dolls and he would recover.

These dolls were not played with. They were kept in chests and passed on the day of the wedding. In most cases, the doll is the image of a woman, a goddess, and therefore, of course, a woman had a direct connection with her. But men, too, "had the honor" to use the power of the doll. A woman gave a doll to a man when he went on a journey or to war. It was believed that the doll guards the man and reminds of the house, the hearth. Each housewife in the house in the "red corner" (the so-called corner in which the icon and other holy and protective things stood) had a doll, and when there were quarrels in the family, then, left alone, the woman opened the windows and, as if with a small broom-doll "swept the rubbish out of the hut." This is not material garbage, but rubbish, because of which there are quarrels in the house. Each newborn child had a bright chrysalis in its cradle, protecting the baby from the "evil eye". But there were also just ordinary play dolls that children played with. In Rus', and indeed among all Slavic peoples, there was a great variety of pupae. I'll talk a little about some. But first I want to stipulate this: the names of the dolls are very simple and naive. People who saw what they did - they called it that. Such thinking is generally characteristic of people of ancient Slavic culture.

So, the most common children's play doll is the haircut. It was made from cut grass. When a woman went to the field, she took the child and, so that he could play with something, she made a grass doll for him. Often such a doll was used for medicinal purposes. When a child was sick, medicinal herbs were woven into such a doll. And when the child played with her, the smell of grass had a healing effect on him.
There is another doll that accompanied the child from childhood until it "left", i.e. not torn, spoiled. This is a Vepsian doll. This doll was found somewhere near the Baltic. It was made from the old things of the mother, and without the use of scissors and needles. Why is that? So that the life of the child was not "cut and not chopped." Before the birth of the baby, to warm the cradle, they put this doll in it. And after the birth, the doll hung over the cradle and protected the baby from damage. When the child grew up, he played with her.

There were dolls to help the hostess. The ten-handed doll helped a girl or a young woman (a girl who recently got married) in the household. Such a doll was often given as a wedding present so that the woman could do everything, and everything went well with her.

And in order for the house to be satisfying and rich, the hostess of the house made a “grain” doll. They did it after the harvest. At the heart of the doll is a bag with grains collected from the field. Also, this doll was made by a woman so that she would have children.

And the meaning in the dolls was great. Any thing made by hands bears the imprint and potential of thoughts, feelings of a person that he experiences during needlework. The doll, from the very first knot, was made in such a way that it would become an almost animated creature, having its own powers and mission. For example, to protect, to support in difficult times ... And sometimes - to point out the betrothed, to cure the child from an ailment, to tell about fate. And different dolls were made for different purposes.

Twist dolls are amazing creatures, for the manufacture of which you need only a few shreds, pieces of braid and thread. Neither a needle nor scissors will be useful to us in this venture: a twisted doll is made WITHOUT USING A NEEDLE and scissors. And that also made a lot of sense.

Among other things, making a twisted doll has powerful anti-stress properties: doll therapy has long been known to modern psychologists and is widely used both here and abroad. Working with a doll helps a woman open up, feel her femininity, show love and care for the dearest people. Bundle after knot, vanity and fatigue go away, the soul is filled with light, and a touch of something magical is felt. The birth of a doll is the real magic.

If a charm doll is made, you need to use a freshly plucked “live” twig from a “good” tree. This is the rule for most folk dolls.

Krupenichka is a heavy doll filled with fragrant buckwheat. Once this doll stood in the red corner of the house, keeping valuable buckwheat grain and was a symbol of family prosperity, well-being and lack of need. Krupenichka is the best gift for a hostess.

Devkina Fun. The simplest play doll that depicts a growing girl. Serves as a friend and adviser in matters of the heart, protects the heart from longing

Pot-herbal. A rag doll filled with fragrant herbs: mint, lemon balm, thyme, etc. The oldest way to fill the house with wonderful aromas. It acts calmingly or vice versa invigorating. This doll is made in a unique way without a needle.

Different types of dolls were used for children's games. The simplest was made from an ordinary log, on which a scarf and a rag were tied instead of a dress. Then the doll was placed in a cradle-bast shoe. The toy is ready. Another type of doll was made from wood chips, which were also wrapped in rags. The main thing is that the number of knots on the scarf and dress should be odd. And the grain doll was made from a bag of grain harvested in autumn. She was sheathed, dressed, and children played with her all winter. In the spring, grain was taken out and sown. The harvest was excellent. Experts say that the reason for this is the positive energy of children.

There was also an ash doll - the bag was filled with wood ash and mounted on a tripod. She was dressed by her grandmother. In a certain way, they twisted and tied a scarf - a doll was obtained. The same knots can be tied into a doll and a tow. But perhaps the most original and simple dolls are made from burdock. The prickly heads were connected into a human figure.

All children's dolls were at the same time amulets, which should be made without needles and threads. The toy "shudon" in translation from Udmurt means "happiness". This messenger of ancient times, the era of matriarchy, prepared girls for family life, for motherhood. She played a great educational role in a peasant family. Parents worked from morning to evening and did little with their children. Instead of themselves, they left “deputies” in the form of toys. They were made from improvised material: from the remaining straw, poles, chips, scraps of fabric. Nothing was wasted in the peasant's house, and every shred went to work.

wedding doll

Twisting doll, a variety from the Urals

Spring ritual dolls

stoneflies

Take care of the house

Lihomanki

These are the names:

Kuvadki

Kuvadkas are simple and very complex dolls, simple in form and unrequited in the image that they reveal, according to the state that opens when you make them.

Today, few people know the rite of "kuvada". But in the middle of the 19th century, like a half-erased trace of the dense antiquity, it still existed in the Oryol and Kostroma provinces. The magic of the rite was associated with the mystery of the birth of a child.
The man, the father of the child, was assigned a special role. He was present at the birth of a child and provided protection from evil spirits by performing magical ritual actions. These rites are called "kuvada".
A basket with chicken eggs was placed in the dressing room. A man sat on a basket, pretending to incubate eggs (according to popular belief, the egg was the fundamental principle of life).
With loud violent cries, imitating the cries of a woman in labor, the man lured evil spirits into the dressing room. So that the deceived and angry spirits would not return to the woman in labor, ceremonial dolls were hung in the dressing room. They believed that these first inanimate images of people that caught their eye were inhabited by evil spirits. The baby himself was hidden in a closet, and a swaddled doll was placed on the man.

After giving birth, the dolls were burned during the rite of purification.

By the end of the 19th century, the origins of the ancient rite were completely lost and forgotten, but the dolls remained.
But their purpose has changed: now they were hung over the cradle after the baptism of the baby, still protecting him from evil spirits. Usually in a bundle there were from 3 to 5 pupae made of multi-colored fabric. Bright and cheerful, they replaced rattles. It was also believed that up to four years nothing cold should be given into the hands of a child - neither iron nor clay. In order not to chill the soul. And in the hands of the children there were always "warm" dolls - made of fabric or wood.

Kuvadkas can be hung over the cradle in a whole bunch, and the number of dolls must be odd. This is an important condition for the dolls to become a talisman.

Day. Crossdresser

Herbalist

grain

Filippovka

An interesting six-armed doll, an au pair, a keeper of order. It helps a woman to cope with a lot of things, to distribute her strength so that the house is clean, tidy, comfortable and in harmony.
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Veps doll-twist

There are a lot of rag dolls, and they are all different from each other. Everything is rooted in ancient antiquity - at a time when the world was more beautiful and simpler, and people were wiser and more sincere. Then, under the fingers of the craftswomen, powerful amulets were born - clots of absolute love, enclosed in a touching form of a doll. E

that doll, presented to a loved one, became his first protector.

With many events taking place in the material world, we can cope, because we more or less know its laws. But about the laws of the non-material world, almost all knowledge has been lost.

A twisted rag doll is called a twist because neither a needle nor scissors take part in its manufacture: there is no need for iron to touch the fabric, cut shreds, from which an almost living creature is about to be born - a protective doll.

It is surprising that amulets made with love, with good thoughts, wishes, and some - according to miraculously preserved ancient traditions, are able to take care of "invisible" events. And the stronger the feelings enclosed in the product, the more power it has, the more reliable it works.

So what about miracles in 10 minutes? A Vepsian twisted doll, named after the people from which it is, can become a small miracle.

Veps are not simple people. Now there are very few of them left, but their tradition is alive. Acquaintance with one old Veps was a discovery for me: he shared an old ritual of step-by-step production of such a doll. Staged - this means that in every detail - in the right hand, in the left hand, in the head, in the knots - a part of the image is invested, which are then combined into a single protective picture. Such a doll is made for a person who is having a hard time right now. After all, the Vepsian doll, even in appearance resembling a mother-nurse, is the personification of maternal care, women's protection and love. Often such dolls accompanied the child from birth until they wore out, but for adults, the Veps doll helped to believe in themselves, calm down, feel protected, as in childhood under their mother's wing.

Charm for home

A twisted doll hanging on the wall in the house is the best amulet against damage and the evil eye. Everyone can make it. The main thing is to start working, think only about the good. Remember that the shreds from which you will make the dress, scarf and apron of the doll must be new. Our ancestors believed that clothes worn by a person contain his problems and sorrows.

1. Take a piece of white foam rubber measuring 15 by 30 centimeters. Trim the corners to give it an oval shape. Then, stepping back five centimeters from the top edge, tie it with a strong white thread or braid. This will be your doll's head. With another thread, tie the foam rubber a few centimeters lower, so that your toy has a chest and waist.

2. A piece of fabric of bright colors (blue, red, yellow, green), 30 by 30 centimeters in size, twist into a tube. With red thick threads, symbolizing joy, tie the tube on both sides at a distance of 1 cm from the edges. You probably already guessed that these will be the handles of the doll. Attach the resulting roller to the back of the young lady and wrap it with white dense threads to the body so that on the chest of your defender you get a cross in the form of the letter X.

3. It's about the skirt. Take a bright beautiful piece of round shape with a diameter of about 45 cm, cut a small hole in the middle and put it on the doll's waist.

4. Well, what is a Russian beauty without a flirty apron? What's more, it's easy to make. Cut out a rectangle from the fabric and secure with a thread on the skirt. And remember, the wider the flap, the more magnificent the apron for the coquette doll will be.

5. For a twisting belt, take three (six, nine) multi-colored, woolen threads and weave them into a pigtail. At the ends, fasten with any threads that match in color. The belt is ready. Now it remains only to tie the young lady's waist with them so that the ends of the belt hang down on the right side of the apron.

6. The final touch is a scarf. We take a triangle flap with long ends and tie a scarf on the head of our doll.

Fifteen minutes - and the twisted doll is ready!

It is not necessary to draw the eyes, nose and mouth of the doll. But if you want this, do not deny yourself the pleasure. The main thing is that her facial expression should be kind, then the charmer's character will be the same.

In order for your doll to become a real protector, come up with a name for her, but one that none of your relatives and friends have. Otherwise, the young lady will take over the problems of the person after whom you named her. And then, accordingly, will give them to you.

Here's to you, Masha, rag Glasha

Is your child often sick, poorly in school, or showing an extremely intractable character? Make a twist doll with him and invite the baby to name his new girlfriend himself. Let your child play with her as often as possible, talk about their problems and troubles, ask for protection and patronage.

At night, putting the mischievous to bed, put the doll in his bed. It will provide the baby with a healthy sleep and relieve nightmares.

It is better to sew a twisted doll for a fidget from flannel fabric of light, but discreet colors - blue, pink, beige.

Away, loneliness!

Anyone who wants to preserve and increase love, get rid of loneliness, we advise you to make two identical dolls: a boy and a girl. The doll-boy in manufacture is not much different from his girlfriend: he does not need a scarf and an apron, and drag the lower edge of the “skirt” with a bright thread or braid.

Tie the right hand of the young lady with a red woolen thread to the left hand of the gentleman, as they bandage the hands of the bride and groom during the wedding. And remember: the place of such a doll is in your bedroom, closer to the bed and away from prying eyes.

Laura ICE

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"There is nothing reprehensible in using shreds in your work that have already been cut off or have traces of a sewing machine on them. I think that thought is primary. natural materials better store the feelings and thoughts once invested in them.This is nature.
Therefore, while avoiding the use of synthetic fabrics, an incision can sometimes be made if the fabric does not tear. Or cut the diagonal. In Chuvashia, once I even heard a saying about this process: "I cut not at will, at God's command, I create beauty, I relieve trouble"
However, everything is strict with a needle: if we are not making a play doll, there can be no question of a needle. Yes, and she is not needed in twisted dolls - everything is on knots there. Even purely psychologically, sticking a needle deprives the doll of some mystery, intimacy and purity.

Nevertheless, if your goal is to make an ethnographic doll, then everything is old-fashioned there: worn rags, burlap, or better - homespun, and even bite off the threads with your teeth.

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Manufacturing

We take a large square of fabric (about 20x20 cm) and put a rag in the middle to stuff the head. This is a scheme for making not a column, but a nodular doll; on its basis, you can make a variety of dolls.

Fold the square diagonally and form the head of the doll.

Tightly intercept the place of the neck with threads, thereby marking the neck of the doll.

Form hands: bend the corners of the fabric inward, tie with threads. Tie with a separate thread under the arms in the manner of a belt. On the head of the doll, tie threads braided into a pigtail - a bandage.

Put the doll on the second large square of colored fabric so that the middle of the square is at the level of the doll's waist. Tie with a colored thread-belt. Form folds. Lower the top of the skirt down.

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Articles by Anna Fenina (annafenina.ru, "School of Preservative Needlework") were used in this material.

Fever (Fever, Shakes)

Lihomanki

Winter fevers (there are also spring ones) are protective dolls from wickedness in the house, which is the cause of illness and discord in the house. There are 12 winter fevers, each has its own name and is associated with a certain disease (evil spirit). The fever was placed in the oven, in the modern version, somewhere nearby on a shelf. And decoration for the kitchen and help in the house. And of course, since the doll is protective, it is made according to certain rules.

Fever, they are also Fever, they are also Shakers - these are evil demons of the disease in the guise of female sisters. They are represented as evil and ugly virgins, stunted, starved, feeling constant hunger, sometimes even blind and armless. The word "fever" comes from the words "dashing to please", that is, to act to someone's detriment, to take care of someone, with malicious intent, with dashing; other commonly used names: lihodeika, lihomanka (“manya” - a ghost, “beckon” - lie, deceive).

According to legend, fever demons fly into the house through a pipe at night and move into people, begin to shake them, relax their joints and break bones. Having exhausted one, the fever passes into another. During her flight, she kisses the chosen victims, and from the touch of her lips, a person immediately falls ill. To whom the disease of the lips marks, they say about him: “He was kissed by a feverish person ...”

According to Slavic mythology, the insidious Chernobog created Fever from mud, swamp slurry and burdock thorns. In summer, the hero Perun drives evil fevers into the fiery depths of hell, because at this time they are not dangerous to people. And with the onset of winter, when Perun falls asleep, Chernobog sends them back to the human race. As the day begins to be shorter than the night, one must begin to beware of them. For example, to make protective puppets.

There are many legends and beliefs about fevers among the people. Sisters can walk the earth, both together and alone. They can fly into the house through a chimney or a ventilation window. They can call people from the street at night, whoever responds in a dream will get sick. For taboo reasons, they are called with affectionately friendly words: dobrukha, kumoha, sister, aunt, guest, guest, etc. Cases are mentioned when people managed to kill or catch and sharpen a fever. Perhaps that is why the number of demonesses in different places is called different. Most often, it is said that there are 9, 12, 13 of them, although there are options for 40, 77.

According to the myths of already Christian times, fevers are nine or twelve winged sisters, daughters of King Herod and Queen Zupela.

Rules the fever sisters elder sister named Kumoha - the demoness of the spring cold. The other twelve sisters are obedient to her in everything. The people also gave names to all the other sisters. Fevers in their names describe those torments with which each of them torments the patient.

These are the names:

1. Shaking (Tryasavitsa) - from the verb "shake".
2. Fire, or Fiery: “Whoever I catch (she says about herself), he will flare up, like a flame in a furnace,” that is, she produces internal heat.
3. Ledeya, or Chill (Znobeya, Znobukha): like ice, the human race shiver, and whom it torments, he cannot even warm himself in the oven.
4. Oppressive - it lies on a person's ribs, oppresses his womb, deprives his appetite and produces vomiting.
5. Breast or Grynusha - lies on the chest, near the heart, and causes hoarseness and spitting.
6. Deaf or Deaf - leans on his head, breaks it and lays his ears, which makes the patient deaf.
7. Lomea, or Bone Breaker: “Like a strong storm breaks a tree, so it also breaks bones and a back.”
8. Puffy - lets edema (swelling) all over the body.
9. Yellow, Jaundice - this yellows a person, "like a color in a field."
10. Korkusha, or Korcheya - brings together hand and foot veins, that is, writhing.
11. Looking - does not allow the patient to sleep (does not allow him to close his eyes, from which the name given to her is explained); along with it, demons come to a person and drive him crazy.
12. Nevea (dead), the firebrand - she is the most damned, and if she inhabits a person, he will no longer escape death. (This is the same dance, that is, Herodias, for the sake of which the head of John the Baptist was cut off)

To protect against shaking sisters, evil fevers, pupae of the same name were made.

They were made from chips wrapped in shreds (necessarily) from worn out clothes. The pupae were placed on stoves or tied with string and hung near the chimney. It was believed that a fever, flying into the house at night through a pipe, would begin to look around in search of a victim, see a doll, recognize itself in it, and move into it instead of one of the household members. Therefore, the pupae that had worked their time were burned in the spring on Saraki or Maundy Thursday or on the Annunciation (in different places in different ways), freeing the house from negativity.

When making fevers, they often read a plot, calling each by name. The skill was to knit the dolls in the rhythm of the slander, the last knot tied coincided with the last word.

They dressed the feverishly prettier, brighter, so that the demon illness would definitely like the doll.

If someone was sick in the house, the hostess persuaded the doll to release the person from the disease, starting to additionally decorate her clothes and make offerings. When good persuasion did not help, the hostess could begin to scold her, promising to put her out on the street, where it was cold and hungry, or to scare her that she would throw it into the oven.

Autumn-winter Fever (finger)

Manufacturing technology

In fact, these are thirteen pupae-twisting: twelve palm-width high and one twice as large - Kumokha.

For the base, only a “dead” tree is used - chips, knots from a log, dried branches long broken from a tree. The length of the sticks is the height of the future doll.

A long strip of the same width as the stick being wrapped is torn off from the white fabric. Further, the stick is wrapped-twisted into a flap, just like a bandage is wound.

The spin can be a blank for other types of dolls. Traditionally, twisting is done “on the knee”. A strip of fabric is laid out on the knees along the leg, a stick is placed on the strip, the stick is rolled over the fabric with the palm of your hand, winding the fabric around the stick. An already wound twist can be rolled with the palm of your hand on your knee until it is smoothed out, compacted and stops unwinding.

The twist is tied with a thread in two places. First time in the middle (like a belt) and another time 2/3 from the upper half (the head is separated). It turns out the preparation of the doll. With this doll, the thread is never wound crosswise. After all, the cross serves as a talisman against evil demons, and the function of the fever doll is distracting and replacing, on the contrary, it should be attractive to them.

Next, we dress the doll: Tie a scarf. Then, dress - wrap 2/3 of the body with a piece of colored fabric. Attach an apron. Bandage-fasten the dress and apron with a belt. The fever is ready. (It is possible to design dolls when the scarf is worn last, already on top of the dress).

Remember, a properly made doll should be able to stand without support.

Place Fever near a pipe or hood. The big fever at the same time is located in the middle. They can be put on a shelf or tied with a red cord and hung on the wall.

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Material from rukukla.ru

The Bird of Happiness

Production of traditional wood chips "Birds of happiness". (Siberia)

Wood has a remarkable property - to split along the fibers under the action of a wedge. It is this property that we use when we chop wood, split a torch. From ancient times to the invention of saws, boards for construction and other household needs were obtained exclusively by splitting logs along the fibers. But even later, when saws appeared, village architects preferred to make boards for the roof in the old fashioned way. And that's why. The saw, cutting through the wood fibers, opened up access to moisture inside the board, and from this it quickly rotted. At a chipped board, the integrity of the fibers was not violated, which means that the roof of such boards lasts longer.

For a long time, tin and slate have replaced roofing boards and wood chips, and electric lamps have replaced the light with a birch torch, but people still continue to use the wonderful ability of wood to split along the fibers. They are attracted by the high decorativeness of split wood: its brilliance, beautiful texture pattern and rich amber shades.

Wall panels, lamps, pencil holders, magazine racks and screens - this is not a complete list of what can be made from a torch. But before you try to make even the simplest thing, learn how to properly chop wood. To work, it is enough to have only two tools: an ordinary table knife with a wide blade and an ax in the hand. Any log can be split in two ways - in the tangential direction and in the radial direction. If the log is split in such a way that the plane of the split passes through the core, then we will get backcloths, in which the chipping surfaces will be radial. And if you split in any other direction, but not through the core, then buckwheat with tangential cleavage surfaces will come out from under the ax. On any piece of wood, radial and tangential chips can be identified by the pattern of annual rings. On the first, the annual layers are visible in the form of parallel stripes, and on the second - in the form of characteristic arcuate lines.

To get splinters with the desired cleavage, the annual layers in the blank bar must also have a certain direction. So, splinters with tangential split planes can be obtained from a bar, in which the annual layers are parallel to its narrow face. If the annual layers in the bar at the end are parallel to its largest face, then the splinters will be obtained with radial chips.

Keep in mind that not all trees split equally in all directions. For example, oak wood splits well only in the radial direction. The core beams, diverging in all directions from the core, coincide with the plane of the radial split and thereby facilitate splitting. With a tangential split, they, on the contrary, tighten the wood fibers as if with harsh threads. These features of oak are taken into account by the producers of cooperage staves.

Aspen and poplar wood, due to poorly developed core rays, pricks well in all directions, so it is the main material in the production of matches.

It pricks well in all directions and pine with spruce, although it is better in the radial direction than in the tangential one.

The width of the growth rings also matters. A cleaner and even chip occurs in small-layer wood.

If you place a torch in front of a burning lamp, then the torch, as it were, will glow with a soft warm light. Take several splinters from wood of different species at once and compare their color and pattern. Each of them will glow differently. Aspen wood fibers turn from white to golden-straw against the light. Approximately the same color acquire splinters of poplar and linden. And the splinters of denser birch wood are less translucent - they are painted in a thick yellow-ocher color. The wood of coniferous trees is especially beautiful in the light: pine, spruce, larch and cedar. The splinters of these trees against the light seem to be filled with amber of a wide variety of shades - from light orange to crimson red. Many shades have splinters of pine. An almost raspberry color is acquired by those parts of them that are located close to the knots and contain a lot of resin. In the light, the texture is well distinguished, which makes the wood even more expressive.

All these features must be taken into account first of all when working on various lamps. With decorative fields, the lampshade can be assembled from splinter with different colors, alternating pine splinter with aspen, linden with spruce. By alternating two dark-colored torches with one light-colored one and vice versa, you can build a composition on a clear rhythm of color spots. Splinters made of colored wood of alder, oak, apple, pear and cherry almost do not shine through at all, so they are of little use for lamps. In addition, an apple tree and a pear tree split rather poorly in a given direction.

In all wood chips, individual splinters must be tied together with twine made of hemp, flax, bast, or pine, spruce and cedar roots. It is undesirable to use twine made of synthetic materials: they do not blend well with wood. For flexible connections, for example, at a magazine rack, linen, washcloth and hemp twine are needed, and for rigid ones, spruce and pine roots are needed.

Since the lampshade must have a rigid structure, it is desirable to unite the splinter with each other with roots. If it was not possible to prepare the roots, then use strings from bast or hemp instead. Only in this case with inside lampshade for rigidity, strengthen the hoops from the steamed torch.

Having prepared necessary materials, get to work. Before splitting the workpiece into thin torches, moisten it by putting it in some dish and bay hot water. Take a test after half an hour. If the workpiece does not split well, then hold it in water for a little more. If, on the contrary, it is too swollen, then dry it a little. The knife with which you will split the blanks should not be very sharp. Otherwise, it will cut rather than split the wood, violating the integrity of the fibers. By splitting a simple bar, you will get torches in the form of rectangular strips, which are mainly used for weaving. From the strips you can weave a basket, a rug for a vase or a hot stand.

To simplify the work, you can make the simplest fixture from two bars in a matter of minutes. At the ends of the bars, at about a millimeter height, make two cuts and insert a knife into them. Nail the bars to the edge of a table or workbench. Between the bars on the back of the knife, make a shallow groove on the workbench to ensure the free passage of the torch. Feeding the workpiece on the edge of the knife, you quickly split the workpiece into splinter of the same thickness.

For decorative “panels and lamps, the torches are additionally decorated with curly cuts. Exactly the same outlines of the cuts on the individual torches are achieved by cutting the grooves on the workpiece before splitting it. Finished carved splinters, depending on the purpose of the product, weave with twine or a root folded in half. Welt patterns that can be made up of splinters have many options.

The high plasticity possessed by thin splinters makes it possible to give them a certain bend, which is necessary when creating products of a more complex shape. To make a lampshade having a curved side surface formed from a plurality of bent torches, two identical templates must be cut from a thick board. One side of each template should exactly follow the curved line of the lampshade surface. Connect the templates with mortise rails. The length of the rails should be slightly longer than the perimeter of the widest part of the lampshade. Under this condition, “you can immediately bend all the torches included in the lampshade. Before inserting the torches into the finished fixture, steam them in boiling water for 5-10 minutes. Place the fixture, together with the wet torches tucked into it, somewhere near a warm battery or stove. They should dry for at least a day. After complete drying, the splinter will retain the bend imparted to them. It remains only to intertwine them with split roots.

There was once a custom in the Russian North to decorate huts with wooden wood chips. Suspended on a thin string to the ceiling, funny birds peacefully "slumbered" all day. And in the evenings, when the whole family gathered at the table near the boiling samovar, and the hut was filled with unhurried conversation, the miracle bird suddenly came to life. She slowly rotated over the table, as if looking into all corners of the hut, checking whether everything was assembled and whether the family harmony was disturbed in any way.

They hung the bird over the table, or rather, over the place where the samovar usually stood. It's not hard to guess why. The warm air from the hot samovar, rising to the ceiling, barely touched the light feathers of the bird, but this was quite enough to enable it to rotate slowly and smoothly. The owner of the house most often made the wooden firebird himself, since the tools for this were the simplest - a knife and an ax. The father passed on his skills to his sons, and when they grew up, they taught their children to make outlandish birds - this is how this amazing craft was preserved among the northerners for many decades. The secrets of making chip birds are not lost in our time. Today, not only villagers, but also townspeople willingly decorate their apartments with funny chip sculptures.

Best of all, chip birds are obtained from small-layer pine. It easily splits into thin plates and bends well. The old masters noticed that fine-grained wood is most often found in pine trees grown in a marshy place. Such pine has golden wood with a beautiful shimmering sheen. But instead of traditional pine, one can successfully use straight-grained and easily split wood of spruce, aspen, linden and other trees. And one more condition: a tree prepared for a chip toy must be sufficiently plastic. The degree of plasticity of wood is determined as follows. Separate a small chip from the workpiece with a knife and cut it along the corner from the sides. Rotate one part of the wood chip about 90° relative to the other. If the chip hasn't broken, the wood is ready to eat. Well, if it breaks, you will have to increase the moisture content of the wood. Dip the workpiece in water for a few hours, and then test it again for flexibility. If the wood is still brittle, soak it again. It is necessary that the moisture is evenly distributed in the wood. This time, keep the workpiece in the water for a short time: the oversaturated wood will become too viscous and will not split well. Therefore, empirically, try to determine the optimal moisture content of the tree in time.

Chip firebird.
The sequence of its manufacture.

To make a firebird, you will need two even bars 200 mm long and 28 x 14 mm each. When processing the workpiece, try to trim the tree so that the annual layers are parallel to one of the sides of the bar. Pine splits equally well both in the tangential and in the radial direction.

From one bar, the body and head of the bird are first cut out. Do not try to convey them with naturalistic accuracy - such a condition will contradict the conditional decorative pattern of plumage. The feathers of the right and left wings, as well as the tail, should be the same in pattern, so you need to make them according to a template cut out of thin cardboard or thick paper. Alternately applying a template to each of the two blanks, circle the contours of the pen with a pencil. Then cut the blanks with a knife along the outlined contours and saw through the grooves to connect the bars to each other. Now proceed to splitting the bars into thin plates. This operation is the most responsible. It requires patience and precision. Remember: the thickness of each plate should be no more than 1–1.5 mm. The thinner the plates, the more delicate and airy the bird will be.

The northerners figuratively call the next stage in the manufacture of a bird "blooming of feathers." Raise the top feather of the wing slightly and carefully bend it to the left. Carefully slide the right edge of the folded feather over the feather below. Then bend the second feather to the left along with the first and bring its right edge under the third feather. The rest, the wing feathers, bloom in the same way as the first two. Pay attention - with each subsequent feather, the angle at which you bend it increases, so the last feathers of the wing try to breed especially carefully. When spreading the feathers of the other wing, do not forget that the feathers of the left wing must be spread from right to left, and the right wing - from left to right.

Tail feathers need to be bred in a different order. All feathers are bent alternately to the right - to the left, to the right - to the left ... only the upper feather remains motionless. When the tail is fully extended, the top feather will be in the middle, and there will be an equal number of feathers to the right and left of it.

It remains only to attach the wings to the body, driving in a thin hook for twine, and the outlandish firebird is ready.

Having mastered the technology of manufacturing a simple bird, you can begin to perform a more complex task according to a previously developed sketch. Modern folk craftsmen create not only individual chipped birds with original plastic solutions, but sometimes very complex multi-figured compositions.

amulet bird

chip bird

In the far north in the Arkhangelsk province he lived - there was a hunter. Winter in the north is long and cold: sometimes a blizzard, sometimes a snowstorm, sometimes a severe cold. And this year the winter lingered for a long time; chilled human habitation, and the hunter's youngest son fell ill. He was ill for a long time, emaciated, turned pale; neither the doctor helped nor the healer. Woe to the hunter. Sorry son. The hunter asked his son: "What do you want?"
Quietly whispered the boy: "I want to see the sun ...". Where can you get it in the north? The hunter thought, heated the hearth to make it warmer. But fire is not the sun.
The hunter drew attention to the torch, which glowed in the reflection of the fire. His face lit up with a smile; and he understood how to help his son.
The hunter worked all night. He carved a bird from a log, cut chips from a torch, decorated them with openwork carvings. He hung the bird over his son's bed, and the bird suddenly came to life: it spun, moved in jets of hot air that came from the stove.
The boy woke up, smiled and exclaimed: "Well, here is the sun!"
From that day on, the child began to recover rapidly. So they attributed miraculous power to the wooden bird and began to call it the "holy spirit", the keeper of children, a symbol of family happiness.

Once upon a time, she, like a family totem-amulet, was hung in the front, red corner of the wooden room, where the dining table stood. In the evenings, a samovar was placed on it. The warm air from the hot samovar, rising to the ceiling, barely touched the light feathers of the bird, but this was quite enough so that it could slowly and smoothly rotate, circle over the table, looking into all corners of the hut, as if checking , whether everything is in order, whether everything is assembled and whether the family harmony has been violated in any way.
The owner of the house most often made the wooden firebird himself, since the tools for this were the simplest - a knife and an ax. The father passed on his skills to his sons, and when they grew up, they taught their children to make outlandish birds - this is how this amazing craft was preserved among the northerners for many decades. The secrets of making chip birds are not lost in our time. Today, not only villagers, but also townspeople willingly decorate their apartments with funny chip sculptures.

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The torso and head are cut out of one bar, the wings are cut out of the other. Ship pine is used for its manufacture, and only its butt part (three meters from the ground, where there are no branches). The most important operation is splitting the bars into thin plates. The thinner the plates, the more delicate the bird will be. The bars are connected to each other. Then "dissolve" feathers. A chipped bird is traditionally neither painted nor varnished, because it is the "living" tree that has a beneficial effect on a person. Over time, it acquires a beautiful bronze color.

Since ancient times, the bird has been the keeper of family happiness and well-being among the Russian people. This amulet is necessarily made of wood (spruce, fir, Siberian cedar), since a tree is the most energy-intensive plant on Earth. The energy of the tree helps to bring positive energy into your home along with the amulet.

The image of a bird is the image of a mediator between our earthly world and the sky, in which there is peace and true happiness, to which we all aspire. Such an amulet used to hang in every house, it was usually placed under the ceiling in the hallway, so that everyone entering would pass under it. The amulet takes away everything negative with which a person can enter the house and lets only good things into the house. Then there is no predisposition to scandals in the house, and that's it. kinder friend relate to a friend.

Ritual dolls in Rus'

Ritual dolls in Rus'

Special, ritual dolls - Kostroma, Kostrubonka, cuckoo, mermaid - depicted mythical characters of spring-summer rituals. They marked the transition to the spring cycle. They were made from branches, herbs, flowers in the form of a stuffed animal. With them, the participants of the ceremony went around the village, arranged round dances, games, after which they "buried".

Here are some descriptions of such rituals.

In the southern Russian rite (on Trinity Day) of baptism and burial, girls made a cuckoo doll out of plants, which they dressed in a sundress, tied a scarf and, with loud singing, said goodbye to her, burying her in the garden.

Mermaid dolls that folk belief, contributed to the harvest, they buried it like this: the girls put a straw doll in a "coffin", with loud songs they carried it to the river and threw it into the water. Such actions were carried out during a drought to bring rain. Here you can see traces of the ancient rite of sacrifice.

But the doll is more famous and loved as a children's toy.

SACRED BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN RUSSIAN TOYS

PIGEON- a sacred bird, the embodiment of the Holy Spirit, the personification of kindness and beauty. A dove can also be a bird. If he flies into the hut ∙ - be death or fire.

ROOSTER- apotropey ~ destroys evil spirits. In the morning, after the first cock crow, it is customary for Russians to be baptized with the words: "Thank God! Holy is the spirit on earth, and the devil is through the earth."

HEN- a symbol of fertility, large families.

DUCK- a clean bird, as it swims on the water, and everything that is on the water is considered clean.

LARK- a symbol of heat and clear skies.

SIRIN- the messenger of the ruler of the underworld. Under Christianity, it became a bird of paradise, singing and calling to paradise. Often depicted as unsmiling, even sly, mysterious. Can lull a person.

ALKONOST- solar bird. Often depicted with Sirin. Birds with a female face. Unlike Sirin, there is no harm from her, even with sweet singing. Depicted smiling.

BEAR- ancestor, totemic creature. The main god Beles was represented in the form of a bear. They call him grandfather, master, lord. In toys - a symbol of wealth, spiritual and material.

HORSE- a symbol of the earth itself, a plowman, but at the same time a symbol of light, space, aspirations. The horse is an attribute of the highest Slavic gods - a symbol of white light. His image is also associated with the cult of fertility, death, the underworld.

BULL- the embodiment of earthly power, a sacrificial animal. The bull is the support of the earth, reliability.

COW- a symbol of heavenly water. Clouds in the popular imagination are heavenly cows. A cow is a nurse, associated with a woman, a bride, bringing happiness and prosperity to the house.

GOAT- apotropey, destroys evil spirits. One of the oldest animals. Its skin and wool are considered medicinal.

RAM, SHEEP- they were sacrificed to the solar gods. Sheep have always been compared to the stars. In fairy tales, a sheep embodied timidity, modesty, patience, innocence, and a ram - stubbornness.

BOGATYR - POLKAN- a man-horse, dressed in chain mail, always with an arrow, - helping a person. This fantastic creature came from the sea with the centaur myths. For Russians, a horse and a man are always at the same time. So the centaur turned into a devoted friend.

Why is the face of the ritual doll white?

A ritual doll is not a toy. The face usually remained white. The meaning of this is much deeper - a doll without a face was considered inaccessible to infuse evil forces into it.

Previously, for any holiday in the family, they made a doll into which a particle of the soul was invested. Therefore, throwing away such dolls was considered a sinful affair. They were carefully placed in a chest.

Ancient ritual dolls ("punks")

In the northern villages of Russia until the 19th century, the old Russian way of life, the early traditions of woodworking, were preserved. It was there that the most ancient type of toy, the so-called "punks", which existed in the northern provinces until the beginning of the 20th century, was preserved. "Punks" were toys carved from a single piece of wood and depicting figures of people, birds, animals. The word "punk" itself comes from the word "pang", which means "root", "trunk". Integrity, undivided solid wood was the main distinguishing feature of these toys. The prototype is easily guessed in them - ancient idols, which were widespread in pre-Christian times.

Punk toys are close to younger children. The integrity of the toy, its sparse processing, schematicity and typology in the transfer of the image - all this awakens the child's imagination, makes it possible to transform this toy, allows you to express any image-character with its help.

Charm dolls

Antique dolls, obviously of a magical nature, served at one time as amulets against evil. Our distant ancestor was calmed and pleased by the sight of these amulets, and from here, from this joy, a sense of beauty was born. These toys continued to be used as necessary, although they did not realize what their actual need was. Toys are used as home decoration and child's entertainment today. But the game is a sacred process of knowing the world, which means that toys are sacred. They are still protective.

ash dolls

The very first dolls were made from ashes. Strange as it may seem, but that's how it is. Ash was taken from the hearths, mixed with water. Then a ball rolled up, and a skirt was attached to it. Such a doll was called Baba - a female deity. "Baba" was passed down the female line from grandmother to granddaughter, and was given as a gift on the wedding day. This doll obviously did not have a playful character, but was a talisman. What? Charm of a woman, home, hearth. When moving to a new place, this doll from the ashes of the hearth was taken with them, apparently in order to have a hearth, comfort, home again in a new place.

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The purpose of the folk doll

According to their purpose, dolls are divided into three large groups: dolls - amulets, play and ritual.

Dolls - amulets. Interestingly, the rag dolls did not have a face. This is connected with ancient ideas, with the role of toys in the past, as a magical object. Such a “faceless doll” served as a “talisman”. The absence of a face was a sign that the doll was an inanimate thing, and therefore not available for instilling evil forces into it. Charm - an amulet or a magic spell that saves a person from various dangers, as well as an object on which the spell is spoken and which is worn on the body as a talisman. It used to be believed that if a “Kuvatka” hangs over a child’s crib, then it drives away this evil force. Two weeks before the birth of the child, the expectant mother placed such a doll - a charm in the cradle. When the parents went to work in the field, and the child was alone in the house, he looked at these little dolls and calmly played.

It is known that doll dresses were sewn not just like that, but with meaning. Firstly, the outfit should always have red - the color of the sun, warmth, health, joy. And they also believed that it has a protective effect: it protects against the evil eye and injuries. The embroidered pattern that once decorated the doll's outfit was also not accidental. Each of its elements kept a magical meaning, and the pattern in the face of the doll was supposed to protect the child. The word "pattern" meant "prize", i.e. "watching". Therefore, on the doll dress, as well as on the costume of an adult, they embroidered: circles, crosses, rosettes - signs of the sun; female figurines and deer - symbols of fertility; wavy lines are signs of water; horizontal lines - signs of the earth, diamonds with dots inside - a symbol of a sown field; vertical lines - signs of a tree, eternally living nature.

As a rule, these toys were small in size and all of different colors, this developed the baby's vision. Beregin sleeping hung over the head of the bed. They believed that she drives away bad dreams with her large wings. As a gift for a name day, they made a doll “Angel”. This is an uncomplicated, but very pretty doll - a charm that existed in many provinces of Russia. It was made using the old traditional technology, having at hand only shreds of light-colored fabric, scissors and threads. This doll is made from four squares of fabric. The largest square is used to make the head and torso, two identical smaller squares are used for the wings and a very small one for the halo.

Not only baby dolls were amulets. Lived in houses brownie dolls. By the way, even now the city dwellers are trying to acquire or make themselves a brownie doll or a doll - the Caretaker of the Hearth. And they make this doll not without meaning.

Is it a garden scarecrow doll not a guard? Amulet, and even what! Protects garden crops from birds and livestock. Yes, and the kids are afraid of him, once again they will not pull the carrot from the garden. And if this doll is made still spinning, then there will be no price for it in the garden. As if a living man or woman walks around the garden, and even “waves away” the breeze with his hands. Such dolls can also be seen in our garden plots and in the Altai villages. Scarecrows are dressed in different ways: you can see a doll in a woman's outfit, tied with a scarf, or even a hat full of holes, and a man with a saucepan on his head instead of a hat.

Author of this work

play dolls, intended for children to have fun. They were divided stitched and folded. Rolled dolls were made without a needle and thread. A thick layer of fabric was wound around a wooden stick, and then tied with a rope. Then a head with handles was tied to this stick and dressed in elegant clothes. Play rolled dolls include dolls - twists, which were made very simply. The body is a piece of fabric twisted around its axis and fastened with a thread. The hands are made in the same way and, finally, a small ball - the head is attached to the body with the help of a thread.

Researchers believe that the earliest among the traditional play rolled dolls of Russia was log doll. It existed in the Smolensk province and was a wooden log, dressed up in stylized women's clothing. Later came a more complex doll. It was the simplest depiction of a female figure. The torso is a piece of fabric rolled into a “rolling pin”, a face carefully covered with linen rags. Towed or hair braid. Chest made of stuffed cotton balls. The costume, as a rule, was not removed from the doll.

The simplest folded doll is considered doll "Lady", which existed in the Efremov district of the Tula province. It was made for young children. First, the torso was made, covered with a white cloth and bandaged in three places, then they took a long piece, covered part of the torso with it, bandaged it, separating the head. The remnants of the fabric on the sides were cut into three parts and braided pigtails - these were the hands. A skirt, an apron were put on the doll, a scarf was tied on her head.

The play rag doll "Baby - Naked" was distributed. A distinctive feature of the technique of its manufacture was that the fabric at the bottom was not left as a single "hem", but was divided into two parts and legs were formed, wrapping them with threads. The doll must be girdled. The "baby", as the name already implies, was naked, without clothes, but the belt was not only an obligatory attribute of the Russian traditional costume, but also a very strong amulet. The head was tied with threads. It should be noted that "Baby - Naked", depicting a boy, is quite rare among traditional dolls.

The doll "for free" was a sewn play doll. It was sewn by girls up to 12 years old and was an exam in sewing and needlework. Then the girls helped to prepare the dowry for the older sisters, getting acquainted with the traditional types of clothing, along the way picking up something for their dowry. Each girl wanted to quickly make a doll, on which she could show her knowledge of the costume, so as not to stay too long with young children and get to the gatherings in time. They sewed dolls "for free" mainly during the Christmas and Great Lent, and in the spring, after Easter, they walked around the village, showing off the sewn dolls. In some areas, these dolls had their own name. The first doll is “straight-haired”. The second is a "doll with a scythe." The third is "youth". The fourth one is the “dressy doll”, and it was the exam that separated childhood from youth.

The younger girls often heard the first praise for their needlework from their older sisters, they also learned role-playing games with dolls, and they ran to them for comfort and advice.

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Ittarma dolls, ura - receptacles of souls
ritual dolls

Among the Selkups, the funeral rite is close to the Ugric, but has been preserved to a lesser extent. Most often, tomb structures are replaced by crosses.

Among the Forest Nenets (the Agan river basin, a ground burial is common: the deceased is buried in a wooden box on the ground. From above. To prevent the animals from disturbing, thick tree trunks were laid.

At the Evenks of the river basin. Ket was buried in the ground. They did not have permanent cemeteries: the deceased was buried where he died. Next to the grave mound they left a sled and clothes.
Receptacles of souls - ittarma, cheers

Even at the time when the deceased was lying in the house, they made his image, a doll - the "receptacle" of his soul. The methods of its production, as well as the methods of storage and further fate, differed among different territorial and genealogical groups of Khdnts and Mansi.

Previously, after the death of each person, both the Mansi and the Khanty made a special image of this person, which was considered the container of one of the souls of the deceased. This doll - Ittarma (Synsky, Kunovatsky Khanty), Iterma (Sosvinsky Mansi), Songet (Nizhieobsky Khanty), Mokhar (Sosvinsky Mansi), Okin (Middle Ob Khanty) - was kept for a certain time in the house of the deceased. During this time, one of the souls of the deceased lived in it, so the doll was fed, laid to sleep, put in the favorite place of the deceased, etc., that is, they treated her like a living person. After the death of a woman, according to our informants, she is kept for 4 years, after the death of a man - 5 years.

Among the Khanty sons, this doll [ittarma] was small in size - 20-22 cm. The most common type of modern depictions of the dead on the Son has neither a torso nor a head. The torso is made up of clothes, the head is symbolized by the hood of a malitsa (for men) or a scarf (for women). Such images of the dead are still made by some old Khanty. But even in the recent past, 20-30 years ago, ittarma dolls were made of metal or wood and had a torso, head and face. After the period of its storage in the house had expired, it was either taken to the forest and left there, or placed inside the grave structure, or kept together with domestic shrines on a shelf in front of the house, or (as informants told us) ittarms were stacked in the attic of the house. And ittarma was always placed in a special box or chest. The doll is made and watched over by women, as a rule. In Ovgort, regarding the doll of a deceased shaman (Daria Longortova's father) in 1962, his wife told us that it should be kept in the house for 10 years, and then buried somewhere in the forest, but after 10 years it was still kept in the house . During my visit to this house, my mother gave Darya a ladle of milk, and she put it on a shelf in the front corner, where there was a birch bark box with a receptacle for her father's soul.

In the ancient village of Gorbungort on the river. Son, in a ruined old house, we found a forged chest of pre-revolutionary production, in which the Khanty used to keep images of their household spirits. It contained two yttarm dolls. The same ittarma doll was found by us in one of the destroyed houses in the village. Ovolingort. Our informants said that after 4 - 5 years of keeping ittarma in the house, it is kept in the same box in the front corner of the house as the patron spirit of the family.

Thus, not all dolls of the deceased were buried. Obviously, the dolls-containers of the souls of dead shamans, old, respected persons were kept together with other family shrines. We encountered a similar custom at blunders and some Mansi. These were dolls of revered ancestors. In former times, such revered ancestors and dolls personifying them were in every family. Their cult may have formed the basis of the cult of ancestors and household deities among all the Ob Ugrians.
In 1971, we managed to see two dolls of recently deceased people, which are kept by their relatives. Ittarma A. Murkina from the reindeer herders' camp in Khorier was kept in a homemade plywood box. The torso of the ittarma was cloth deaf clothing such as malitsa (goose) with copper chains-ornaments, and the head was a hood made of deer fur sewn to it. Together with the doll in the drawer were his knife, cigarettes, tobacco, matches, they can be used (grandfather's grandson took matches with us to smoke, a knife to cut a stick). The box with ittarma stood on the bed, where A. Murkin slept; when they sat down to eat, they put the box at the table, and in front of it - food, drink. They said that in 4-5 years they would take her to the forest and bury her.

In 1971, the ittarma of PN Loigortov's wife was kept in a box on the bunk. She was sick for a long time, and in the spring (when the ice had already melted) she hanged herself in the forest (they do not understand how she went there). After that, her dog behaved strangely, so she was strangled (this was done by a Komi-Zyryan, since the Khanty are not allowed to kill dogs) and left in the forest. They said that ittarma is kept on the bunk for 4 or 5 years, then in the front corner. It was made by the wife of Kuzma Vasilyevich. While eating, he himself placed a plate with boiled fish and a glass of tea in front of the box. She also had neither a torso nor a head, but was made of a fur coat with a belt. The head was imitated by a small specially sewn scarf sticking out of a fur coat. On the chest was a garland of rings, beads and plaques. From above, the doll is covered with a larger head scarf. The box contained cigarettes, matches, a snuff box, a bottle of tea, a handicraft bag, and cookies. In the summer of 1972, when the husband of the deceased was visiting his children in the village. Ovgort, his wife's ittarma was also with him. When he went to the Yamgort for the wake, he also took ittarma with him.

Ittarma from a destroyed house in the village. Ovolyngort had a wooden base - a head and bust carved from wood, eyes, nose and mouth were also carved on the face. She was dressed in several multi-colored and colorful calico dresses that had decayed from time to time and, obviously, fur clothes (it was almost not preserved). Garlands of beads and chains descended on top of her. Two ittarms from an old ruined house in the village. Gorbungort - others. These are small lead figurines of half-humans, half-beasts. One of them is the ittarma of a dead man, she is wearing two chintz shirts, a malitsa and two malitsa shirts with a cloth belt. Inside the first shirt were placed two credit notes of 100 and 1000 rubles of 1918. Apparently, the second ittarma was female. She was wearing a long dark brown shirt (dress?), fur coat with ties, belted with a cloth belt. A copper ring was attached to the fur coat at the back, a bunch of rings and the same copper ring descended on the chest in front. Both dolls were wrapped in several small specially sewn headscarves with tassels. The house where these yttarms were kept (they lay either on a shelf in the front of the house or, possibly, in the attic), used to be a rich Khant who was engaged in trade. It is possible that one of the ittarms (with credit notes) was made after his death.

In the summer of 1072, the settlement. Nimnozhgort, in an old house that had collapsed from time to time, we found two more yttarm dolls. They lay in a large old chest * and were prepared, obviously, "1CH1-1I. long ago. One of them had neither a body nor a head, the other was made of lead, facial features were outlined on a flat head. Clothing on them A silver coin of 1823 was tied in the belt of one of them. Various things were also lying here: headscarves, dresses, a bundle of two animal skins with a scarf, a saucer, a knife, miniature (legged, specially sewn) dresses, shirts, nui-sakhi (including one - larger than the usual votive caftan in 4 - 5 times, of an unusual cut - tui-shaped, flared, with hemmed sleeves, a conical hood, trimmed with fur, in which there was a copper coin of 2 kopecks 1910) and a malitsa made of fabric with a bell, as well as a spoon, a saucer , a fragment of a knife, skins, etc. Some things, especially fur ones, were in very poor condition. Apparently, the dolls were made at the beginning of the 20th century and were kept from generation to generation until the 1940s and 1950s. Probably, by this time, representatives of the older generation who kept ittarms had died, their descendants moved to the village. Ovgort, and the house was abandoned. A silver coin of 5 kov was tied on the belt of one votive model of the dress. 1823, on a scarf and a bunch of skins - coins: silver 15 kopecks. 1840 and 5 kop. 1892 One ittarma (obviously, male) - in two chintz shirts (straight cut, one without a collar, the other with a stand-up collar), in two cloth malitsa of a deaf cut and in a short fur malitsa with a hood; on top are two small shirts of a straight cut (the top one is bright crimson with a belt-ribbon made of fabric). The base is metal (most likely made of lead) - a flat anthropomorphic figure (93 mm) with legs, short arms, with marked facial features (eyes and mouth). The second ittarma (obviously female) is made of a chintz shirt and four small cloth swing kaftans (two of them with a collar, sleeves and tied ties of a different color, along with a shirt, are inserted into the other two - this is like the body of an ittarma; the corner of one caftan imitates a head) ; two more open cloth robes-caftans, belted with two strips* of cloth, were inserted into them at the corner. Two black cloth coats of the nunchchi type were worn over the top. belted with black cloth and colorful calico belts. Two iron plaques, two blue beads and a copper ring are attached to the inner caftans. On the belt of the outer dressing gown there is a string of blue beads with a copper pendant and part of a bell.

In the village Vytvozhgort, on the site of the old part of the village, not far from the pile barn, under a tree, there were two small chests, one home-made with a gable lid (empty), the other - an old factory work, bound with iron (45 -50 x 30 - 35 cm); it contained an image of ittarma. Its basis is a small metal (46 mm) humanoid figure with legs, stumps of the outlined arms, with a face and scratched eyes and mouth, wrapped in gauze and dressed in two shirts (made of gauze and chintz), a malitsa with a fur hood and a striped calico malitsa shirt with a bandage belt, on which hung a copper ring and ring. There were also 6 votive owls made of light fur, 6 similar fur coats and 6 multi-colored (pink, yellow, black and red) fringed chintz handkerchiefs; in addition - bundles of two large handkerchiefs made of fabric and a kolinsky skin, as well as of two skins and a handkerchief, a wooden needle and a template for weaving a net. Three shawls - from colorful fabric of different colors (two trimmed along the edge, one with fringe). In the corner of one of the scarves was tied a silver coin of 15 kopecks. 1935 All items were in very good condition. Apparently, they were kept by people of the older generation, and after their death they were taken out into the forest.

In Tiltim, behind one of the houses of relatively recent construction - a shelf against the wall, not far away, behind another house - a pile of deer skulls and horns, covered by the prow of a boat. Behind another house, on the ground between the trees, lay a box of boards sewn with cedar roots. It contains a smaller box containing two anthropomorphic images - ittarms, images of the dead. One - in the form of a bundle of red woolen threads; the other is an image of a man made of fabric, with two low beads, without a head. Next to the box lay shreds of red cloth. On one of them, similar to a little man, a silver coin of 10 kopecks was sewn. 1906

In the past, the basis of such a doll was made from a tree cut off from the corner of the house. Elena Ilyinishna Tulikova saw ittarma with cloth faces and eyes, mouth, and nose painted on it. At first, after the funeral, this doll was taken to the table during meals, and the most delicious food was placed in the box where it was stored. This image was kept in the favorite place of the deceased, they “fed” him, put him to bed. At the end of the period of mourning, the image was burned or thrown into the grave or stored in the attic of the house. The doll is kept in a special birch bark box until it is incarnated in a newborn (of the corresponding gender), which was established by the rite of divination after childbirth. Images - receptacles of the souls of the oldest and respected men became patron ancestors, they were kept in the front corner of the house along with the rest of the patron ancestors.

These images were made by relatives, but not by parents or spouses (because of mourning). On the Son, ittarms are made by women - for dead women, men - for men. The basis of ittarma is made by men, clothes for it are made by women, but not close ones. For the skeleton of the ittarma, the contour of a man in a tree (a mold) is hollowed out and poured with molten shot. The clothes on them are a complete set - a shirt or dress, trousers, a malitsa or a frog. The head is made of patchwork. This is what all the Longorts do (“this is the custom”). Recently, the receptacle of the soul (especially women) is made from only one votive clothing. Store it for 4 years (2 winters and 2 summers) or 5 years (3 winters and 2 summers or 2 winters and 3 summers). Then it is stored in the attic or taken to the forest under a tree. The box is always made by a man.

Now images of ittarma are made from rags, always in clothes. The face is made of patchwork, without eyes, mouth, nose. Children's ittarms are made from wood with facial features. From above - a scarf, a frog, beads. The drawer is made of plywood. In the drawer - a cigarette case with cigarettes, cookies, cologne bottles with liquid (vodka?). They are made by strangers (it is impossible for close relatives), it doesn’t matter who is a man or a woman. Ittarma of the child is kept for 4 or 5 months, then they are taken to the forest.

If a person did not die by his own death (drowned, shot himself, died drunk - froze), then they make a cheer doll for him. It is larger (40 - 50 cm). They put her in a special barn ura-lobas on a high stump (a small house) and go to her for a wake. It stays there until it rots. This house is not placed in the cemetery where the person is buried, but in another place (before, such people were not buried in an ordinary cemetery).

Not far from the village Ovgort on the bank of the channel of the Synsky tributary Nesyugan in the forest there is a repository of images - receptacles for the souls of the drowned - Ura. This is a group of small barns set on high stumps. In each ura-hot vmbarchka (literally, “a house for a hurray doll”) there is a hurray doll and offerings to it. The place of Ur itself consists of two parts. Its main part is located on a somewhat higher place among the las and consists of 11 hurray-hot barns, a funeral pyre and one grave. The second part, separated from the first by 100-120 m and located closer to the shore, consists of two cheers.

The place of Ur is located in the lower reaches of the right tributary of the Sypi river. Nesyugan, at the mouth of the Nil-chim soim, which flows into the Nesyugan, is also on the right. This is an interesting place - ura-hot are built here - pile barns with ura dolls made after the death of people who died an unnatural death (drowned, hanged, shot themselves, burned down from fire and wine). Here they are commemorated. It is located on a high place in the forest. All hooray-hots are turned with their front part towards the center of Ur, on its line, closer to the edge, there is a funeral pyre. Shreds and ribbons hang on several trees (birches and firs), near the trees, the grave, the fire there are a lot of dishes, bottles and other remnants from the funeral meal. There are two groups of barns here - in the western part there are two old ones and in the eastern part there are 11 barns and one grave. In the second group, shreds of cloth hang on four trees (they are hung during the commemoration), in the center there is a large fire with bipods for the tagan, on them are buckets. During the commemoration, food is cooked on a fire, tea is boiled. On the trees there are skulls and bones of deer, as well as spoons (for a funeral meal). Under the trees are piles of bottles. Ura-hot barn - an elongated log house made of boards with a gable roof, fixed on a high (1.5 - 2 m) stump cleared of bark. In its design, it resembles traditional plank buildings (most often barns) with a roof overhang: the crowns of the boards and side walls protrude on the side of the pediment (also from the board), forming a roof overhang; it, together with the ends of the roof and floor boards protruding forward, forms an open room in front of the entrance. The floor boards are laid on a beam lying across the top of the pile-stump (rags of white fabric are tied to it). The roof is birch bark, on two pairs of slats (at the ends cut out in the form of hooks), on top - plank (two pairs of boards are laid along the ridge beam, sometimes the edge of one goes to the edge of the other), okhlupen - an ordinary board (sometimes - two) or cut out at an angle .

The height of the sawn tree, on which the ura-hot is installed, is 1 - 1.5-2 m. The dimensions of the barn vary within 60-70 cm in length, 45-50 cm in width and 60-65 cm in height. It is made of wide (30-40 cm) boards. The side wall is made up of one board, the back wall - two boards (a wall with a gable part). A wooden door was built along the entire width of the front wall of the barn, and sometimes even along its entire height. In some cases, the frontal part of the ura-hot is sealed with a board, and the door opening is cut out in the form of a spherical arch. The connection of boards in the corners - as in a log house. The pediment boards are half cut into the wall boards and are often figuratively carved at the ends. The roof of the ura-hot is gable, resting on a ridge roof and two pairs of side slats, cut out at the ends in the form of hooks. On top of the slab, the roof is covered with a panel of birch bark (although always), and then with boards laid along the ridge slope, board on board. On top of them lies an okhlup board or a log. In some cases, the roof of the hurrah-hot is formed by three boards, two are laid with a gentle slope, the third is on top of them, in the middle, like an okhlup. The plank floor is laid along the barn on a board or log, fastened to a stump, on which stands a cheer-hot. Often the back of the barn is also reinforced with an additional pole connected to the stump-rack of the barn. One cheers-hot is fixed on two stumps-racks.

In general, the device of the ura-hot, like the tomb structure, repeats the design of an economic or sacred barn. It should be noted that even at the end of the 19th century, and in some areas in the 20th century, there were also residential plank structures. In a number of areas, tomb structures [hot house] were made of logs or halves of logs (Kunovat). in the form of a log house and also copied a residential building.

A board door with a handle (or just a board) opens the entrance (in one case - in the form of an arch) from the side of the pediment. The old barns are well made, the new ones are swinging, they will soon fall.

Inside the barn are ur dolls and things put with them. The length of the image of the deceased ur is 1.5 - 2 times longer than the ittarma (27 - 40 cm), it is made of clothes, there is no face. Instead of legs, fur shoes of a yorn-wai kitty are inserted.
The grave in appearance does not differ from ordinary graves - a plank grave house with a gabled birch bark and plank roof. The opening from the side of the pediment is closed with a square board with a handle, which in turn is covered with a board. Inside - clothes, cigarettes. Near the grave - sleds, trochees, a pile of bottles. Perhaps this is a cenotaph - a grave without a dead person.

All uras had neither a body nor a head and were made like ittarma. from clothes. So in the first hurrah-hot there was a hurrah doll of a man, 27 cm long, in a beautiful white owl trimmed with stripes of red and green cloth, with a hood; on a red woolen belt on the sides - on a bell on a chain, in front and behind - on a ring. A chain, multi-colored (red, orange and green) fabric ribbons descend to the chest from the shoulders. Under the owl there are several chintz shirts, the head is a piece of shred. Two pairs of small fur shoes lay separately. The image of the deceased lay on a piece of deer skin. Accompanying things were small votive shirts, a whole women's dress, headscarves, many shreds, a fur bag trimmed with cloth, with a needle case and a pocket for a thimble (it contained pieces of deerskin), cigarettes, matches. In the second barn there was a male image 35 cm long, in a white fur with a brown owl (over a brown malitsa with a belt-ribbon of two-color fabric; on it - bells and plaques) with a woolen belt and a ring on it. The malitsa has a red stripe of fabric trim on the hem, a furry brown puffy hood. The basis is three shirts inserted into each other and into a white baby's undershirt (with a label of manufacture in 1961). Fur shoes lay separately. Nearby lay white shreds of cloth with blood stains (of a sacrificial deer), cigarettes, matches, and a small saucer. In the third barn there was a female image 25 cm long - in a brown and white sakha frog, trimmed with strips of colored cloth, with a lush white collar; under the sakha - three white and colorful dresses inserted into each other, the head is the edge of a colorful dress. The belt is a fabric ribbon with a copper ring on it. Instead of legs - fur kitties. Nearby were headscarves, votive dresses, patches, real sev braids. In the recently made cheers-hot, a male image was kept in a new barn - in a white owl with white pussies, his head was a hood. Together with him lay shreds, a plastic cup from a set of children's dishes. In the fifth cheer-hot, the male image consisted of four white shirts put on top of each other, a green cloth shirt was put on top, and on top - a white shirt with traces of blood, kitties instead of legs . Nearby - a lot of shreds, packs of cigarettes, matches, shag. In an old barn on the western side of Ur, on a piece of deer bed - a male image in a shirt, white coat and owl,
chains descend from the shoulders to the chest, and there are also chains on the hood from the back of the head on the sides. There are no shoes. Nearby lay shreds, small dresses, a children's fur coat made of peklyui (with a hood, he has two ears), two spoons, cigarettes, matches. In another cheer-hot - there was no image of the deceased, only shreds, a small dress, two spoons, cigarettes, matches. In the eighth cheer-hot there were only shreds of cloth, cigarettes.

Make a cheer 2 to 3 days after the funeral. Both hurrah and hurrah-hot, as we were told, are most often made by non-close relatives, the doll is usually made by women, the embarchik is made by men. But if the family lives in a remote village and there is no one else around, both ittarma and cheers can be done to close relatives. It is possible that earlier this custom was more regulated. The clothes of the ur are smeared with the blood of a sacrificial animal, but it is not clear which one: killed during the funeral or a special victim for the device of the ur-hot.

In relation to a drowned man, the Khanty and Mansi rituals are somewhat more complex than in connection with an ordinary deceased. Even at the beginning, and in some places even in the middle of our century, drowned people, like suicides, were buried not in a common cemetery, but separately. This is probably why there is a grave here on Ur too. Now in the village Ovgort does not have a special cemetery for drowned people and suicides. Usually they are buried somewhat away from the usual cemetery, located not far from Ur, along Nesyogan. In this case, we have, apparently, a relic of an old custom.

Wake for the drowned man was arranged both at the grave and at Ur. First, commemoration is done 15-20 days after the funeral, and in the first year after the death of a person quite often (as in the case of ordinary death from illness or old age), but mostly when there is wine. Then the commemoration is also arranged, as usual, once a year. When they come to commemorate the deceased at the place of Ur, they open the door of the hurray-hot barn, greet the hurrah doll (they knock the door on the barn wall, calling the deceased, kiss the hurray-hot wall). Then a fire is made, in buckets stored by the fire, food is boiled, tea is boiled. As informants explained to us, deer are not killed on Ura, but they bring with them from the village the head or carcass of a deer (fish or meat for a wake). Skulls and antlers of deer, shreds of fabric, ribbons are hung on trees, most often white color. These are gifts to the forest spirits.

The image of cheers is always done, like ittarma, by strangers, close relatives are not allowed. The hooray-hot house is most often made by men, but women can also do it. The image of the hurrah is made 2-3 days after the funeral, the commemoration is arranged 0.5-1 month after death, the first year - often, then - once a year. When they come to commemorate the dead on Ur, they open the door of the hurrah-hot. Deer are not killed on Ur, they bring with them the head or carcass of a slaughtered deer. With Nadia
clarified the customs associated with the place of Ur. They arrange a commemoration at different times, the first year - often, then - once a year. The deer is killed only when they make a hooray-hot bin. He believes that both the image and the barn can be made for close relatives (if there is only one family in the village). During the commemoration, the barn is opened, but the dolls are not taken out. Food and drink are placed on the board in front of the hole. Grave on Ura - also hooray, only ground.

Belief in patron spirits, sacred places, shamanism among the Khanty and Mansi, sacred places where they pray to the spirits and make sacrifices to them, are divided into male and female. On the first they bring bloody sacrifices, on the second - prepared food.

In Ovgort, the girls told me about the women's sacred place porylitykhor (near the village), where women gather, hang shreds on trees, drink, eat - in order to live well in the future, not to get sick. We went there once. Women's sacred place - near the village (shreds of fabric with coins tied in them hang on birch trees). Near the birch - a fire. Far from the weight of women visit this place, but women of the older generation try to support this cult. Previously (in the 1960s) porylshpykhor was located on the outskirts of the village, on the bank of the river channel. Son ("soima"). In recent years, the pollytyhor has been moved to the other side of the channel, to the forest. The women explained to us the reasons for the transfer by saying that the children began to remove shreds from the birch in order to get money out of them.

Now the sacred women's place is located in a rather dense mixed forest, in which there are a lot of birch trees, the porous horn is located among a group of birch trees. Ribbons, shreds of fabric with coins tied in them, buttons hang on four of them, chains, wheels, plaques, bottle caps are tied to some of them. Empty wine bottles are fixed on some strong branches. A fire is visible among this group of birches. It contains a bipod, next to which lies a pole for hanging boilers and teapots. Near this place there are a lot of old clothes and shoes, hung on trees and thrown. On the cape, not far from porylitykhor, there is a permanent stop for reindeer herders, as well as fishermen who come from the upper reaches of the Synya to Ovgort. Without a doubt, the remnants of clothes and shoes belong to them.

Women visit Porylityhor most often on holidays (Raven's Day - in spring, Ilyin's Day - in summer, etc.), but sometimes on weekdays, during illness, and also after a bad dream. Usually several women gather, they take food, wine, gifts to the spirits with them. The gifts include ribbons and shreds, coins, buttons, etc., as well as a specially prepared doll - ilypa muvun iket ("underground old men"). The doll is prepared very simply: a semblance of a man is sewn from a piece of fabric, which resembles a puppet deaf (without a front cut) dress with sleeves. The pupa has no legs, and a round piece of fabric is sewn on instead of the head, and sometimes it is completely absent.

Porlityhor is "an open-air place to drink tea and eat."

Arriving at the porylshpykhor, women first pray to the spirits, bowing to the birch. The spirits that protect women are different for representatives of each family name, and they have different names for them. Then, in front of the sacred birch (porylshpy oto), the women put the brought food, wine, and shreds and other offerings are hung on the birch, and coins are tied in rags.

They go there from time to time, not necessarily on holidays - when several women agree. It is not always connected with pines. If you have an unusual dream, you need to go to the cemetery for a wake. The underground spirit of ilta muvun iket (“underground old man”) is brought food, tea, wine, as well as gifts - shreds, ribbons, coins, hopta clothes (tslypa mung iket hopta - caftan for them) - small deaf clothes nz fabric. Spirits are good if appeased, but can be harmful if not.

Religious beliefs and family rituals

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY them. N.N. MIKLUKHO-MACLAY
Z.P. SOKOLOVA
Peoples of Western Siberia
Ethnographic album
MOSCOW SCIENCE 2007

______________________

Hopi ritual dolls

Good, peaceful Hopi people

These dolls are images of the spirits Kachinas, which were worshiped by the Hopi Indians who live in Arizona. Such dolls were made by the girl's uncle before the spring "Dance of Bob" and the summer "Dance of the House".

The significance that the kachinas played in Hopi culture can be compared to the pantheon of Greco-Roman deities or the host of Christian saints. The most important kachinas were called "wuya". (The name of the spirit is written on each picture)

These illustrations come from the book "Portfolio of Hopi Kachinas", which was created and published in an edition of 1000 copies by the American graphic artist Homer H. Boelter (1899 - 1977). (Great bibliographic rarity.)

The Hopi are an Indian people living in an area of ​​12,635 km² on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona. Traditionally belongs to the Pueblo group of peoples. According to the 2000 All-American Census, the population of the Hopi reservation was 6946 people. The largest community lived in First Mesa, Arizona.

The Hopi people speak the Hopi language of the Shoshone sub-branch of the Uto-Astecan languages.

Hopi ancestors descended from one of the ancient cultures that existed on the territory of the modern states of New Mexico and Nevada - most likely from the Mogollon culture (2 - 14 centuries AD).

According to Hopi lore, the tribe was originally a mixture of representatives of various tribes of different origins, who gradually began to identify themselves as one people. Influenced by the Athabaskan migrations from what is now Canada until the late 15th century, which resulted in the formation of the modern Navajo people, the Hopi migrated from their rural lowland settlements to the mountains, where they could better defend themselves. These settlements are known as the First, Second and Third Mesa (in the order in which they were encountered by the Spanish conquerors). In contrast to the Hopi, their Navajo rivals lived usually in small family groups, which are now widespread in northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, southwestern Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico. For many centuries, the Hopi were residents of large "urban-type" settlements (by the time the Spaniards arrived, nine such settlements were known: Sikyatki, Koechaptevela, Kisakovi, Sichomovi, Mishongnovi, Shipaulovi, Shungopavi, Oraibi, Awatovi). The village of Oraibi (Arizona), located in the Third Mesa and founded around 1100, is the oldest surviving settlement in the United States.

Hopi and Navajo

The Hopi Reservation is completely surrounded by the larger Navajo Reservation. In addition, "Hopi and Navajo common land" exists. Although the Hopi and Navajo have historically seen each other as rivals, they have recently developed cooperation on environmental issues, the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Economic Affairs, in particular on the issue of limiting the abstraction of groundwater by outside agencies, in particular, coal miners for use in transporting coal slag.

Attempts to demarcate the lands of the Hopi and Navajo, carried out on the basis of laws of Congress in 1974 and 1996, were unsuccessful.

culture
The name "Hopi" is an abbreviation of the self-name of this people, Hopituh Shi-nu-mu, "peaceful people" or "peaceful fellows". The concept of "peaceful people" is deeply rooted in culture, religion, rituals, views on morality and ethics. The Hopi religion is pacifist in spirit, it implies respect for all things and phenomena in the world and peaceful coexistence with all phenomena according to the commandments of Maaso, the creator and guardian of the Earth.

These are Hopi ritual dolls.

the first picture depicts formidable spirits punishing the Indians for violating the righteous way of life.

One of the oldest civilizations in North America is the Hopi or, as the Spaniards called them, the Pueblo and Navajo. K. Jung wrote about their belief that the rituals they perform support the existence of our planet, and that if they stop, the Earth will die very soon. This philosophy permeates the whole existence of the Hopi, and their whole life and life are subordinated to this messianic role.

Spider Woman is one of the supreme Hopi Goddesses, the creator and guardian of all life forms on Earth, including humans. Accordingly, her clan is one of the central ones in the Hopi tradition. Currently, the spiritual leader of the Spider-Woman clan is Martin (Martin Gashweseoma), it is he who is entrusted with keeping the ancient texts (tablets), according to legend, received from previous civilizations that inhabited the Earth before world catastrophes.
One of the main missions of the Hopi is to bring knowledge, while maintaining continuity between civilizations. Initiation (the acquisition of a shamanic gift) plays a huge role in maintaining this continuity. And the central task of initiation is to introduce to this sacred knowledge and the world of spirits and Gods, helping to fulfill this mission.
It is important to note that these texts contain knowledge not only about the past, but also about the future, including the possible death of earthly civilization. According to the Hopi, we now live on the 4th Earth, the previous three were destroyed, as humanity forgot about its mission and became mired in the pursuit of pleasure, the struggle for power and nationalism. The saddest thing is that, according to these texts, we are now on the verge of the next, 4th apocalypse. And all the efforts of Martin and others faithful to the Hopi tradition are aimed at preventing it.

Symbolism and amulets of the Slavs. global view

Participants of the program "Global View: the Obvious in the Unbelievable" talk about generic Slavic clothing, amulets, and traditional costumes. The participants of the program are Svetlena Nevolina, a member of the council of the Permian Slavic community "Grandchildren of Svarog" in the city of Perm, and Tatyana Sergeevna Bruskova, artistic director of the theater-studio "Spiritual Synthesis" and co-chair of the "Russian Culture Center of National Cultures" society, where the Krasnodar National Costume Theater is located, musical theater of folk costume.

straw spider

Straw constructions similar to Belarusian straw "spiders" are known to many peoples of the world. The most ancient form of "spider" is spherical. "Spiders" in the form of a ball symbolized the sun, they were made during the time of pagan beliefs for the spring new year.

Straw spiders were hung over the baby's cradle, as now they hang "carousels" made of plastic.

This is a Slavic model of the world order, improves energy and harmonizes space (similar to Feng Shui bells)

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Filippovka

She was given to the hostess to help in all matters. This is a ceremonial doll, and they made it (just like they gave it) on Philip's Day, November 27, paying tribute to the difficult women's work.

Filippovka doll - six-armed amulet, doll of needlewomen. He was believed to protect female hands from fatigue and injury. and also facilitates and brightens women's work and turns it into pleasure.

In order for needlework to bring money, a dainty knot with a grain and a coin is tied to the belt at Filippovka. Such a doll was made at gatherings on Phillips Day (November 27) at the end of the field work, immediately before starting to come to grips with needlework on winter days and evenings.

Another multi-handled doll is called Ten-handled, but it is made by girls who sit down for a dowry and are immediately burned, while Filippovka is kept throughout the year.

Ten-handled is a ritual multi-armed doll. It was made from bast or straw on October 14 on Pokrov, when they sat down for needlework. In the manufacture of used threads of red color, which is protective.

At the bottom of the sundress, 9 red thread-bows are necessarily tied in a circle. The chrysalis was intended to help girls prepare their dowry and women in various activities such as weaving, sewing, embroidery, knitting, etc. Traditionally, after being made, it was burned almost immediately.

You can hang the doll in a prominent place in the room where the woman spends time at work.

And to make a doll, all you need is a washcloth and thread.

It was believed that Filippovka protects women's hands from fatigue and injury. and also facilitates and brightens women's work and turns it into pleasure. In order for needlework to bring money, a dainty knot with a grain and a coin is tied to the belt at Filippovka. Such a doll was made at gatherings on Phillip's Day (November 27) at the end of field work, immediately before coming to grips with needlework on winter days and evenings. It was presented to the hostess to help in all matters.

Galina Shinayeva

Dear colleagues, I want to show you one more of my dolls - Birch. The previous Birch is a doll of one day, because it is made of a birch wood and birch twigs, which, of course, quickly wither. Therefore, for my collection of dolls I decided to make another Birch, based on a folk rag doll, using the twisting technique. There is a version that the word "birch" comes from the verb "protect", protect, protect from various misfortunes. Therefore, my Birch is a talisman.

Material for creating a rag doll Beryozka (20 cm in size):

The doll is spinning from white and green fabrics - all the same Birch.

A piece of cotton fabric - a white rectangle measuring 40x80 cm for twisting the doll's body.

A piece of cotton fabric - a white square with a green pattern, 28x28 cm in size, to form the head and arms.

2 pieces of cotton fabric - green and white squares 28x28 cm in size for a sundress.

Iris threads and green sewing threads.

Linen plumbing for creating hair.

Cotton wool for shaping the head and chest.

Green satin ribbon for leaves and belt.

Birch bark for a crown.

The sequence of making a doll:

We make the body of Birch: from a white flap of cotton fabric (40x80 cm) folded in half, tightly twisted clockwise, away from you, a cylinder with a diameter of 3 cm and a height of 20 cm.

We tie the twist in 3 places with several turns of the thread and tie it into three knots at the level of the waist, neck and legs. We tie knots at the back in the center of the twist.

We wind cotton wool on the upper part of the twist and form a head.

We take a square flap (28 x28 cm, put it diagonally and wrap the twist with cotton wool.

We tie the twist with a green thread at the level of the neck with several turns of the thread and tie an odd number of knots at the back.

We form handles.

We take a square flap (28 x28 cm) and tie it at the back in a lapel way at the level of the neck.

In the same way we tie the second flap in front.

We tie at the waist level with several turns of the thread and fix with an odd number of knots.

We make a hairstyle for a birch tree: we take combed flax and bandage the fibers in the middle with a thin strand of flax.

We distribute linen according to the shape of the head and fix it at the level of the neck with a thread.

In the old days in Rus', girls braided one braid before marriage. Here we are braiding a three-beam braid (a symbol of the trinity).

We tie an apron in the form of a birch trunk.

We attach pre-prepared leaves collected on a thread to the belt.

In Rus', girls wore crowns. The crown was a hoop made of birch bark or leather, covered with fabric and decorated.

I carved a crown from birch bark, but did not decorate it. In the process of work, the doll itself "suggests" what to do and how.

Birch doll is ready.

Thank you for your attention!

Related publications:

Good day, Dear friends and guests of my blog! For a long time I did not turn to the folk doll. Folk rag dolls, they are also called.

"The word is not a sparrow!" - says folk wisdom. In everyday life, we very often hear words that hurt us and.

In the old days on Trinity, girls made a Birch doll for divination. The doll was made from birch logs, beautifully dressed up, decorated with birch trees.

As a rule, there is a lot of cardboard left after and during the school year. I decided with the children to make a doll out of cardboard covers and white paper.

"Foam" literally translates as "foam". Part of the word "Iran" appeared when this country established mass production and supply of this.

Space will captivate us with beauty, It has many colors, it is alive. The lights that shine in the night are so delightful, lovely! Our eyes are fixed on the sky.

1. Course summary:

In small and simple, at first glance, objects of folk life, multifaceted information and age-old worldly wisdom are embedded. A special place in the culture of many peoples is occupied by family amulets, in which the strength of the clan, the spirit of the ancestors is preserved.

Among them stand out dolls made on birch bark and logs. They are filled with a special spirituality, because. have an ancient origin, sacred meaning and symbolize the harmony of two opposite principles: male and female.

Making a doll on a log or birch bark for your home, you not only put ideas about the Universe, the memory of your parents into it, but also create a very strong amulet for your family, children, all members of your Family, fill your house with tribal strength, harmony and love .

The program of the course "Dolls on birch bark and logs"

1. Bereginya of the Old Believers' house
2. Bereginya Sergiev Posadskaya
3. Yorkshire
4. Slavutnitsa
5. Devya beauty
6. Woman
7. Symbol of motherhood
8. Motherhood
9. Moskovka
10. Family

2. Information about training:
Duration of training - 12 weeks
Class schedule - it is recommended to study one lesson per week

Requirements for the knowledge necessary to study on the course - the course is designed for everyone.
Technical support: computer, Internet access, digital camera or the ability to use it.

The material needed for the manufacture of pupae: the basis of the puppets is a log or a birch bark tube, these materials can be replaced with cardboard or drawing paper; fabrics made from natural fibers: cotton, linen, wool; cotton threads; cotton wool, rags, s / t flax or tow; some grains of wheat or rye or barley or oats.

3. Beginning of classes for the next group: February 2011

4. Sign up for courses: [email protected]

Lecturer: Malomyzheva Natalya Alexandrovna - research assistant-curator at the Tyumen Museum of Fine Arts, participant of four solo exhibitions of her dolls in different cities; her dolls are in museums and private collections not only in Russia, but also in Canada, Mexico, and Great Britain.