With the help of technical analysis, ash content, moisture, sulfur and phosphorus content, volatile substances per combustible mass, calorific value and characteristics of non-volatile solid residue are determined in coals and oil shale. All analyzes are performed on analytical samples of coal and oil shale, and the moisture content in the working fuel is based on laboratory samples.

The recalculation of the elemental composition, the yield of volatile substances and the heat of combustion for coals (except for shale) when switching to another mass is carried out according to the ratios, according to the formulas. When recalculating the elemental composition and calorific value of oil shale, the ash content A must be replaced by A + CO2 for the corresponding mass of oil shale.

MOISTURE

When analyzing coal, the following types of moisture are distinguished:

• laboratory - Wl, determined by laboratory samples for technical analysis;
• analytical - Wa, determined by analytical samples for elemental analysis;
• air-dry - Waavs, determined by analytical samples in the air-dry state of the sample under the conditions of the actual state of air in the laboratory in terms of relative humidity and temperature;
• hygroscopic (internal) - Why, close to Wa, but determined by analytical samples brought to an air-dry equilibrium state at * constant relative humidity (60 ± 2%) and air temperature (20 ± 5 °С);
• working moisture - Wp determined from a laboratory sample, taking into account the loss of moisture when sending the sample to the laboratory.

Moisture in the working fuel is subdivided into internal moisture equal to hygroscopic (Wgi), and external moisture (Wext), defined as the difference Wext = Wp-Wg,%. Internal hygroscopic moisture (Why) depends on the relative humidity and ambient temperature and the adsorption capacity of coals. Humidity and ash content, which make up the ballast Br = Wp + Ar of the fuel, especially external moisture, worsen the quality of coal, reduce flowability, make it difficult to classify and transport and cause freezing of coal in winter.

Coals with a high moisture content are unsuitable for long-term storage, as moisture contributes to self-heating and spontaneous combustion. In connection with these technical conditions and standards for coals by type of consumption, limiting (rejection) norms for moisture content have been established for individual grades and grades of coal.

Lean coals, semi-anthracite and anthracite are less moist, brown coals are more humid. The moisture content in coals and oil shale is determined according to GOST 11014-2001. The essence of the method for determining the moisture content is to dry a sample of a fuel sample in an oven at a temperature of 105-110 ° C to a constant weight and to calculate the weight loss of the sample taken as a percentage. Determination of moisture content by the accelerated method is carried out according to GOST 11014-2001. The essence of the accelerated method for determining the moisture content is to dry the fuel sample in an oven at a temperature that rises from 130 to 150 ° C for 5 minutes for an analytical sample and for 20 minutes for a laboratory sample, and to calculate the weight loss of the taken fuel sample in percent . The discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations of the moisture content according to the specified GOST should not exceed the allowable values.

ASH CONTENT

Coals always contain non-combustible mineral impurities, which include calcium carbonates CaCO3, magnesium MgCO3, gypsum CaSO4-2H20, pyrite FeS2, and rare elements. When coal is burned, the unburned part of the mineral impurities forms ash, which, depending on its composition, can be refractory or fusible, loose or fused. Mineral impurities worsen the quality of coal, reduce the heat of combustion, load vehicles with the transportation of excess ballast, increase coal consumption per unit of output, complicate the conditions of use and degrade the quality of coke.

Mineral impurities are not always ballast, sometimes they contain rare elements in quantities that allow their industrial use. In addition, the slag can be used to produce cement and other building materials.

The ash content of coal is determined according to GOST 11022-95. The essence of the method consists in ashing the fuel sample in the muffle and calcining the ash residue to a constant mass at a temperature of 800-825 °C for coals and 850-875 °C for oil shale and determining the mass of the ash residue as a percentage of the weight of the fuel sample. The ash content obtained as a result of the analysis of the analytical sample is recalculated to the ash content in absolutely dry Ac fuel.

The ash content of the working fuel Ap in percent is calculated by the formula:

Ar \u003d Ac (100-Wp) / 100

The determination of ash content by the accelerated method is carried out according to GOST 11022-95. Its essence lies in the ashing of a sample of coal in a muffle heated to a temperature of 850-875±25°C, and determining the mass of the ash residue as a percentage of the weight of the sample.

The discrepancies between the results of determining the ash content of HP on duplicates of one laboratory sample in different laboratories according to the specified GOSTs should not exceed:

for fuel with ash content:

• up to 12%... 0.3%
• from 12 to 25%... 0.5%
• over 25%... 0.7%
• over 40%... 1.0%

Specifications and GOSTs establish average and marginal (rejection) ash content standards for various grades and classes of coal for individual mines, cuts and processing plants.

SULFUR

The total sulfur contained in coals consists of pyrite Sc, sulphate Sc, and organic SO sulfur. Pyrite sulfur occurs in coals in the form of individual grains and large pieces of pyrite and marcasite minerals. During the weathering of coal in mines, cuts and on the surface, pyrite oxidizes and forms sulfates. Sulfate sulfur is found in coals, mainly in the form of iron sulfates FeSO4 and calcium sulfates CaSO4. The content of sulfate sulfur in coals usually does not exceed 0.1-0.2%. When burned, sulfate sulfur turns into ash, and when coal is coked, it turns into coke. Organic sulfur is part of the organic mass of coal. The content of total sulfur and its variety in the fuel is determined according to GOST 8606-93.

Sulfur is contained in all types of solid fuels, and the content of total sulfur in coals ranges mainly from 0.2 to 10%.

Sulfur is an undesirable and even harmful part of the fuel. When coal is burned, it is released in the form of SO2, polluting and poisoning the environment and corroding metal surfaces, reduces the heat of combustion of fuels, and passes during coking, worsening its properties and the quality of the metal. The choice of ways to use coals often depends on the content of total sulfur in them. That is why total sulfur is the most important indicator of coal quality.

The content of total sulfur is determined by burning a sample of fuel with a mixture of magnesium oxide and sodium carbonate (Eshka mixture), dissolving the formed sulfates, precipitating the sulfate ion in the form of barium sulfate, determining the mass of the latter and converting it to the mass of sulfur. The content of sulfate sulfur is determined by dissolving the sulfates contained in the fuel in distilled water, precipitating the sulfate ion in the form of barium sulfate, determining the mass of the latter and converting it to the mass of sulfur. The content of pyrite sulfur is determined by treating a fuel sample with dilute nitric acid and dissolving sulfates in it, formed during the oxidation of pyrites with nitric acid, followed by the precipitation of sulfate ion in the form of barium sulfate, determining the mass of the latter and converting it to the mass of sulfur. The content of pyrite sulfur is determined by the difference between the sulfur content extracted from the fuel by nitric acid and water.

The discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations of the sulfur content in one laboratory should not exceed: for coal with a sulfur content of up to 2% - 0.05%, over 2% - 0.1%. The discrepancies between the results of determining the sulfur content from duplicates of one laboratory sample in different laboratories should not exceed: for coal with a sulfur content of up to 2% - 0.1%, over 2% - 0.2%. The sulfur content is determined by the accelerated method according to GOST 2059-54.

The essence of this method is to burn a small amount of coal in a jet of oxygen or air at a temperature of 1150 ± 50 ° C, trap the formed sulfur compounds with a solution of hydrogen peroxide and determine the volume of sulfuric acid obtained in a solution by titrating it with a solution of caustic potash. The discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations of the sulfur content of one sample for one laboratory should not exceed 0.1%, for different laboratories - 0.2%.

PHOSPHORUS

It is contained in coal in small quantities - 0.003-0.05% and is a harmful impurity, since during coking it passes into coke, and from coke into metal, making it brittle. In Donetsk coals, the phosphorus content ranges from 0.003-0.04%, in Kuznetsk and Karaganda - 0.01-0.05%. Phosphorus is determined by the volumetric or photocolorimetric method according to GOST 1932-93.

The volumetric method consists in the oxidation of phosphorus contained in the coal sample into orthophosphoric acid, followed by precipitation of phosphorus in the form of ammonium phosphoric-libdate acid, dissolution of the latter in an excess of titrated solution of caustic alkali, back titration of the resulting solution with sulfuric acid and calculation of the percentage of phosphorus by the amount of alkali solution used to dissolve the precipitate. The photocolorimetric method consists in burning a sample of coal with a mixture of magnesium oxide and sodium carbonate (Eshka mixture), dissolving the sintered mass in acid, removing silicic acid from the solution, and photocolorimetric determination of phosphorus in the filtrate.

The discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations of the phosphorus content should not exceed:

• up to 0.01%... 0.001%
• up to 0.05%... 0.003%
• up to 0.1%... 0.005%
• more than 0.1%... 0.01%

Calculation of the phosphorus content is carried out on an absolutely dry mass of coal.

VOLATILES

When coals are heated without access to air, solid and gaseous products are formed. The yield of volatile substances is one of the main indicators for the classification of coal grades and depends on the degree of coal metamorphism. With the transition to more metamorphosed coals, the yield of volatile substances decreases. Thus, the yield of volatile substances on the combustible mass Vg for brown coal ranges from 28 to 67%, for hard coal - from 8 to 55% and for anthracite - from 2 to 9%. The yield of volatile substances for hard and brown coals is determined according to GOST 6382-65 by the weight method, and for anthracite and semi-anthracite of the Donetsk basin - according to GOST 7303-2001 by the weight method, and for anthracite and semi-anthracite of the Donetsk basin - according to GOST 7303-90 by volume method.

The essence of the gravimetric method consists in heating a sample of coal in a porcelain crucible closed with a lid at a temperature of 850 ± 25°C for 7 min and determining the weight loss of the taken sample. The yield of volatile substances is calculated from the difference between the total loss in mass and the loss that occurred due to the evaporation of moisture and the removal of carbonate carbonates when the content of the latter in the sample is more than 2%. The discrepancies between the results of determining the yield of volatile substances Vg should not exceed 0.5% for coals with Vg less than 45% and 1.0% for coals with Vg > 45%.

The essence of the volumetric method consists in heating a sample of anthracite and semi-anthracite at a temperature of 900 ± 10°C for 15 minutes and determining the volume of released gas in cm 3 /g. The discrepancies between the results of two parallel determinations of the volumetric yield of volatile substances in cm 3 /g for one sample should not exceed 7% to the smaller of them.

Based on the values ​​of the yield of volatile substances and the characteristics of the non-volatile residue, it is possible to approximately estimate the caking capacity of coals, as well as to predict the behavior of fuel in technological processes of processing and suggest rational methods of combustion.

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

The heat of combustion (Q, kcal/kg) is one of the main indicators of coal quality. The standards and specifications provide for the average value of the heat of combustion of fuel per combustible mass for a bomb Q g b for coal, and for shale for absolutely dry fuel - Q c b. The heat of combustion is determined according to GOST 147-95.

The essence of the method lies in burning a sample of fuel in a calorimetric bomb in compressed oxygen and determining the amount of heat released during its combustion. The heat of combustion per combustible mass Q g b, determined by the bomb, contains, in addition to the heat obtained from the combustion of the combustible part of coal, the heat released during the formation and dissolution of nitric acid in water, and the latent heat of vaporization during the combustion of hydrogen, which is transferred to the water of the calorimeter. The lower calorific value Q g n is obtained as the difference between Q g b and the heat obtained in the bomb due to acid formation and condensation of water vapor, which cannot be used under practical conditions of coal combustion.

The lower calorific value Q g n is obtained as the difference between Q g b and the heat obtained in the bomb due to acid formation and condensation of water vapor, which cannot be used under practical conditions of coal combustion:

Q g n \u003d Q g b - 22.5 (S r o + S r k) - aQ g b - 54H g,
where 22.5 is the heat released during the formation of sulfuric acid in water for 1% sulfur, which was converted into sulfurous acid during the combustion of coal in a bomb, kcal; S r o + S r k is the amount of combustible sulfur converted into sulfurous acid during the combustion of coal in a bomb (in percent), referred to the combustible mass of the coal sample.

The lower calorific value of coal for the working mass Q p n, released during the combustion of fuel in industrial furnaces, is lower than Q g n, since the working fuel contains ballast B p \u003d W p + A p and, in addition, heat is required to evaporate moisture 6W p;

Q p n for coals can be calculated by the formula:

Q r n \u003d Q g n 100 - W p - A p 100 - 6W p, kcal / kg,

where Q r n - the lowest calorific value for the working mass, kcal / kg; Q g n - the lowest calorific value for the combustible mass, kcal / kg.

For oil shale Q r n - is calculated by the formula

Q p n \u003d Q g n 100 – W p – W p correct – CO p 2K 100 - 6W p - 9.7CO p 2K,

where 9.7CO p 2K is the heat absorption during the decomposition of carbonates contained in shale, kcal/kg.

CONDITIONAL FUEL

Due to the fact that the calorific value of coals of individual deposits, grades and grades and other types of fuel is different, for the convenience of planning fuel needs, determining specific norms and actual fuel consumption, as well as for the possibility of comparing them, the concept of "reference fuel" is introduced. For conditional, such fuel is taken, the lower calorific value of which for the working mass Q r n is 7000 kcal / kg. To convert natural fuel into conditional and conditional into natural, a caloric equivalent is used, the value of which depends on Q p n.

CALORIE EQUIVALENT

The calorie equivalent of Ek is the ratio of the lower calorific value of the working fuel to the calorific value of the standard fuel, i.e.

E k \u003d Q r n 7000.

The conversion of natural fuel V n into conventional V y is carried out by multiplying the amount of natural fuel by the caloric equivalent: V y \u003d V n * E k.

Reference fuel is converted into natural fuel by dividing the amount of reference fuel by the caloric equivalent: V y = V n / E c.

TECHNICAL EQUIVALENT

The technical equivalent is used to compare different coals and other types of fuel in terms of their thermal value and to determine equivalent quantities when replacing one type of fuel with another. The technical equivalent E t is the ratio of the useful amount of heat of a given fuel to the calorific value of conventional fuel. The useful heat of a unit mass of fuel is expressed as the product of the net calorific value of the working fuel Q p n by the efficiency of the installation. Thus, the technical equivalent, unlike the caloric equivalent, takes into account not only the value of the heat of combustion of a given fuel, but also the degree of possible heat engineering use, is determined by the formula:

E t \u003d Q r n Y to 7000,

where Y k is the efficiency of a given boiler plant in fractions of a unit; 7000 – calorific value of reference fuel, kcal/kg.

The technical equivalent for the same fuel is always less than the caloric equivalent. The technical equivalent is practically used in determining specific norms and actual fuel consumption.

Put into effect by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated November 22, 2013 N 2012-st

Interstate standard GOST 25543-2013

"BROWN, STONE AND ANTHRACITE COALS. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO GENETIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS"

Brown coals, hard coals and anthracites. Classification according to genetic and technological parameters

Instead of GOST 25543-88

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for the development, adoption, application, renewal and cancellation

About the standard

1 Developed by the Technical Committee for Standardization of the Russian Federation TK 179 "Solid mineral fuel"

2 Introduced by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of the Russian Federation

3 Adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification by correspondence (Minutes of November 5, 2013 N 61-P)

4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated November 22, 2013 N 2012-st, the interstate standard GOST 25543-2013 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2015.

5 Instead of GOST 25543-88

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to non-oxidized brown, hard coals and anthracites of the countries that are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and establishes their classification by types, classes, categories, types, subtypes and code numbers, as well as technological grades, groups and subgroups based on the most characteristic common features reflecting genetic characteristics and main technological characteristics.

2 Normative references

GOST ISO 562-2012*(1) Hard coal and coke. Determination of the yield of volatile substances

GOST ISO 5071-1-2012*(1) Brown coals and lignites. Determination of the yield of volatile substances in an analytical sample. Part 1: Two oven method

GOST ISO 7404-3-2012*(2) Methods for petrographic analysis of coals. Part 3. Method for determination of maceral composition

GOST ISO 7404-5-2012*(3) Methods for petrographic analysis of coals. Part 5. Method for determining the reflectance index of vitrinite using a microscope

GOST 147-2013 (ISO 1928:2009) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of gross calorific value and calculation of net calorific value

GOST 1186-87 Hard coals. Method for determining plastometric indicators

GOST 3168-93 (ISO 647:1974) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining the yield of semi-coking products

GOST 7303-90 Anthracite. Method for determining the volumetric yield of volatile substances

GOST 8858-93 (ISO 1018:1975) Brown coals, hard coals and anthracite. Methods for determining the maximum moisture capacity

GOST 9815-75 Brown coals, hard coals, anthracite and oil shale. Reservoir sampling method

GOST 11223-88 Brown and black coals. Well drilling sampling method

GOST 17070-87 Coals. Terms and Definitions

GOST 20330-91 (ISO 501:1981) Coal. Method for determining the index of swelling in the crucible

GOST 27313-95*(4) (ISO 1170:1977) Solid mineral fuel. Designation of quality indicators and formulas for recalculating analysis results for various fuel conditions

GOST 30313-95 Hard coals and anthracites (medium and high grade coals). Codification

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.

3 Terms and definitions

In this standard, terms and definitions are used in accordance with GOST 17070, and the designations of indicators and indices for them are in accordance with GOST 27313.

4 Genetic and technological parameters for the classification of fossil coals

This classification system is based on a set of genetic and technological parameters presented in Table 1. The arrangement of parameters in the table corresponds to the order in which they are mentioned in the text of the standard.

Table 1 - Parameters for the classification of fossil coals

Parameter name	Unit	Designation	Method of determination
The average value of an arbitrary vitrinite reflectance index (hereinafter referred to as the average vitrinite reflectance index)			GOST ISO 7404-5
Higher calorific value for wet ashless state			GOST 147-2013
The yield of volatile substances on a dry ash-free state			GOST ISO 562, GOST ISO 5071-1
Sum of fusainized components per clean coal			Note 1
Maximum moisture capacity in ashless state
Yield of semi-coking resin to dry ash-free state
Plastic layer thickness
Free expansion index
Volumetric yield of volatile substances on dry ash-free state
Vitrinite reflectance anisotropy index			Note 2
Notes 1 There is no interstate standard for the method for determining this parameter. The method for determining the amount of fusenized components is regulated in GOST R 55662. 2 There is no interstate standard for the method for determining this parameter. The method for determining the anisotropy index of vitrinite reflection is regulated in GOST R 55659.

5 Division of fossil coals into types

Fossil coals, depending on the value of the average vitrinite reflection index R o , r , the highest calorific value for the wet ash-free state and the release of volatile substances for the dry ash-free state V daf are divided into types: brown, stone and anthracites in accordance with table 2.

Table 2 - Division of fossil coals into types

Examples of establishing the type of coal.

Example 1. Coal with R o , r = 0.50% and less than 24 MJ/kg refers to brown coal. If at the same value of R o , r value is equal to or more than 24 MJ/kg, the coal is classified as hard coal.

Example 2. Coal with R o , r = 2.3% and V daf less than 8% is anthracite, and with the same value of R o , r , but with V daf more than 8% - hard coal.

6 Division of fossil coals into classes, categories, types and subtypes

6.1 Brown, black and anthracite coals, depending on genetic characteristics, are divided into:

Classes - according to the average reflectance of vitrinite R o , r in accordance with table 3;

Table 3 - Division of brown, hard coal and anthracites into classes

			Average reflectance of vitrinite R o , r , %
	0.20 to 0.29 inclusive		" 2, 70 " 2, 79 "
	" 0, 30 " 0, 39 "		" 2, 80 " 2, 89 "
	" 0, 40 " 0, 49 "		" 2, 90 " 2, 99 "
	" 0, 50 " 0, 59 "		" 3, 00 " 3, 09 "
	" 0, 60 " 0, 69 "		" 3, 10 " 3, 19 "
	" 0, 70 " 0, 79 "		" 3, 20 " 3, 29 "
	" 0, 80 " 0, 89 "		" 3, 30 " 3, 39 "
	" 0, 90 " 0, 99 "		" 3, 40 " 3, 49 "
	" 1, 00 " 1, 09 "		" 3, 50 " 3, 59 "
	" 1, 10 " 1, 19 "		" 3, 60 " 3, 69 "
	" 1, 20 " 1, 29 "		" 3, 70 " 3, 79 "
	" 1, 30 " 1, 39 "		" 3, 80 " 3, 89 "
	" 1, 40 " 1, 49 "		" 3, 90 " 3, 99 "
	" 1, 50 " 1, 59 "		" 4, 00 " 4, 09 "
	" 1, 60 " 1, 69 "		" 4, 10 " 4, 19 "
	" 1, 70 " 1, 79 "		" 4, 20 " 4, 29 "
	" 1, 80 " 1, 89 "		" 4, 30 " 4, 39 "
	" 1, 90 " 1, 99 "		" 4, 40 " 4, 49 "
	" 2, 00 " 2, 09 "		" 4, 50 " 4, 59 "
	" 2, 10 " 2, 19 "		" 4, 60 " 4, 69 "
	" 2, 20 " 2, 29 "		" 4, 70 " 4, 79 "
	" 2, 30 " 2, 39 "		" 4, 80 " 4, 89 "
	" 2, 40 " 2, 49 "		" 4, 90 " 4, 99 "
	" 2, 50 " 2, 59 "		"5.00 or more
	" 2, 60 " 2, 69 "

Table 4 - Subdivision of brown, hard coals and anthracites into categories

6.2 Fossil coals, depending on the technological features, are divided into:

1) brown coal - according to the maximum moisture capacity for the ash-free state in accordance with table 5;

2) bituminous coal - according to the output of volatile substances on a dry ash-free state V daf in accordance with table 6;

3) anthracites - according to the volumetric yield of volatile substances on a dry ash-free state in accordance with table 7;

Subtypes:

1) brown coal - according to the output of semi-coking resin to a dry, ash-free state in accordance with table 8;

2) hard coals - according to the thickness of the plastic layer y and the index of free swelling SI in accordance with table 9;

3) anthracites - according to the anisotropy of vitrinite reflection A R in accordance with table 10.

Table 5 - Division of brown coal into types

Table 6 - Subdivision of coal into types

			Yield of volatile substances V daf , %
	48 and over

Table 7 - Division of anthracites into types

Table 8 - Division of brown coal into subtypes

Table 9 - Division of coal into subtypes

				Plastic layer thickness y, mm	Free swelling index SI
* For y values ​​above 26 mm, the subtype number corresponds to the absolute value of the plastic layer thickness index in millimeters.

Table 10 - Division of anthracites into subtypes

7 Fossil coal code numbers

The classification adopted a code system. Based on the values ​​of the classification parameters, individual brown, hard coals and anthracites are designated by a seven-digit code number, in which:

The first two digits, which make up a two-digit number, indicate the class and characterize the minimum value of the vitrinite reflectance index for this class, multiplied by 10, in accordance with table 3;

The third digit, which is a single digit, indicates the category and characterizes the minimum value of the sum of the fused components for this category, divided by 10, in accordance with table 4;

The fourth and fifth digits, which make up a two-digit number, indicate the type and characterize:

1) for brown coal - the minimum value of the maximum moisture capacity for the ash-free state for this type in accordance with table 5;

2) for bituminous coals - the minimum value of the output of volatile substances on a dry ash-free state for this type in accordance with table 6;

3) for anthracites - the minimum value of the volumetric yield of volatile substances on a dry ash-free state for this type, divided by 10, in accordance with table 7;

The sixth and seventh digits, which make up a two-digit number, indicate the subtype and characterize:

1) for brown coals - the minimum value of the semi-coking tar yield on a dry ash-free state for this subtype in accordance with Table 8;

2) for bituminous coals - the absolute value of the thickness of the plastic layer in accordance with table 9;

3) for anthracites - the minimum value of the vitrinite reflection anisotropy for this subtype in accordance with Table 10.

When using the index of free expansion as an additional classification parameter, hard coals are designated by an eight-digit code number, in which the eighth digit, which is a single-digit number and separated from the main seven-digit number by a hyphen, characterizes the minimum value of the value of the index of free expansion for a given range of its values ​​given with an interval of 1 /2, according to GOST 30313 (Appendix A, example 4).

8 Grades, technological groups and subgroups of fossil coals

8.1 Brown, hard coals and anthracites, depending on their technological properties and genetic characteristics, are combined into grades, technological groups and subgroups in accordance with table 11.

Table 11 provides a complete listing of the classes, categories, types and subtypes included in each brand, group or subgroup. This allows you to unambiguously determine the brand, group or subgroup for almost any coal.

8.2 For each brand, group and subgroup, a list of class numbers, categories, types and subtypes is established. Such a construction provides information about the boundary values ​​of all parameters for brands, groups and subgroups and, at the same time, allows you to correct the boundaries of brands, groups and subgroups for one of the parameters without affecting the rest of the complex.

Classification table 11 covers the code numbers of all coals found so far and provides for the establishment of codes for newly discovered coals.

8.3 Brand, group, subgroup set for each coal seam. Formation samples are taken according to GOST 9815 or GOST 11223 in each bottomhole of the non-oxidized formation zone. In each sample, the indicators indicated in tables 3 - 10 are determined, and the code number is set based on the results of the analysis. The brand, group, subgroup is set according to table 11.

Table 11 - Grades, groups and subgroups of brown, black coals and anthracites

				Subgroup						Note
Name	Designation	Name	Designation	Name	Designation
		First brown
		Second brown		Second brown vitrinite
				Second brown fusinite
		Third brown		Third brown vitrinite
				Third brown fusinite
long flame				Long-flame vitrinite
				Long-flame fusinite
Long flame gas				Long-flame gas vitrinite
				Long-flame gas fusinite
		First gas		First gas vitrinite
				First gas fusinite
		Second gas
gas fat lean		First Gas Fat Skinny		First gas fat lean vitrinite					10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
				First gas fat lean fusinite					10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
		Second gas fat lean		Second gas fat lean vitrinite
				Second gas fat lean fusinite
gas fat		First gas fat
		Second gas fat							17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
		First bold
		Second bold
coke fat										Type 24 at V daf 25% or more
Coke		First coke		First coke vitrinite					13, 14, 15, 16, 17	*Type 24 with V daf less than 25%
				First coke fusinite					13, 14, 15, 16, 17
		Second coke		Second coke vitrinite						*For Sl 7 and above
				Second coke fusinite
coke lean		First coke lean		First coke lean vitrinite
				First coke lean fusinite
		Second coke lean		Second coke lean vitrinite
				Second coke lean fusinite
Coke weakly caking low metamorphosed				Coke weakly caking low metamorphosed vitrinite
				Coke weakly caking low metamorphosed fusinite
Coke weakly caking		First coke low-caking		The first coke low-caking vitrinite
				The first coke low-caking fusinite
		Second coke weakly caking		Second coke low-caking vitrinite
				Second coke weakly caking fusinite
lean sintered		First lean sintered		The first lean sintering vitrinite						Classes 14 and above with Sl less than 7
				First lean sintered fusinite		13, 14, 15, 16, 17
		Second lean sintered		Second lean sintering vitrinite
				Second lean sintering fusinite
Skinny caking				Skinny sintering vitrinite		14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
				Skinny sintering fusinite
Weakly baked		First weakly caking						20, 22, 24, 26, 28
		Second weakly caking				08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13
		Third weakly caking
								16, 18, 20, 22, 24
		First skinny		First skinny vitrinite		15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
				First skinny fusinite		13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
		Second skinny		Second skinny vitrinite
				Second skinny fusinite		15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Anthracite		First anthracite		First anthracite vitrinite						Classes 22 - 25 with V daf less than 8%
				First anthracite fusinite		22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
		Second anthracite		Second anthracite vitrinite						Subtype for coals of contact metamorphism 20 and higher
				Second anthracite fusinite		36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
		Third anthracite		Third anthracite vitrinite
				Third anthracite fusinite

In cases where coals of the same seam on separate horizons, wings of the deposit, sections of a mine or section belong to different grades, groups and subgroups, the code number, grade, group and subgroup are set for each horizon, wing, mine field (section).

8.4 When identifying coals that have a combination of class, category, type and subtype numbers that are not presented in Table 11, assignment to a brand, group and subgroup is carried out in accordance only with their class and subtype.

Examples of marking and coding are given in Appendix A.

8.5 When obtaining a mixture of coals of different grades in the process of mining and issuing, the brand, group, subgroup and code of the mixture are set by calculating the average values ​​of the classification parameters based on the planned participation of mine layers. In order to establish the grade of mine-output coal, the indicators provided in tables 3 - 10 are determined for each seam, section, horizon. group, subgroup of coal mine output.

Mixing coals of various grades during enrichment and sorting is allowed for coking only upon agreement with the consumer. In this case, the share of grades in the mixture is indicated according to the planned participation of grades in the original coal. In addition, the agreement specifies the permissible deviations of grades in the mixture in individual batches and in general for a month, a quarter.

8.6 The brand, group, subgroup and code number of enrichment products are set according to ordinary coal supplied for processing.

In the case of joint enrichment and sorting of coals of different grades, the planned participation of coals of each grade in the initial charge is indicated for the products of processing.

For enrichment and sorting products intended for energy purposes, the brand is also set according to the weighted average indicators of ordinary coals planned for processing.

9 Directions for the use of fossil coals by grades, technological groups and subgroups

Possible directions for the use of fossil coals of various grades, groups and subgroups in accordance with their technological properties are presented in table 12.

Table 12 - Directions for the use of fossil coals

Direction of use			Subgroup
1 Technological
1.1 Layer coking
			1OSV, 1OSF
			2OSV, 2OSF
			1GZHOV, 1GZHOF
			2GZHOV, 2GZHOF
			1KOV, 1KOF
			2KOV, 2KOF
			1KSV, 1KSF
			2KSV, 2KSF
			KSNF, KSNF
		1SS, 2SS, 3SS
1.2 Special preparation and coking processes	All grades, groups, subgroups of hard coals used for layered coking, as well as
1.3 Producer gas production in stationary type generators: mixed gas
			1KSV, 1KSF
			2KSV, 2KSF
			1GZHOV, 1GZHOF
		1SS, 2SS, 3SS
water gas
1.4 Production of synthetic liquid fuels
1.5 Semi-carbonization
1.6 Production of carbonaceous filler (thermoanthracite) for electrode products and foundry coke
1.7 Calcium carbide production
1.8 Aluminum oxide production
2 Energy
2.1 Pulverized combustion in stationary boiler systems	All grades, groups, subgroups of brown coals and anthracites, as well as all grades, groups, subgroups of hard coals not used for coking
2.2 Grate combustion in stationary boiler plants and fluidized bed	All grades, groups, subgroups of brown coals and anthracites, as well as all grades, groups, subgroups of hard coal not used for coking. For torch-layer furnaces, grade A coals of all groups, subgroups are not used
2.3 Incineration in reverberatory furnaces
2.4 Incineration in ship furnaces
		1SS, 2SS, 3SS
			1GZHOV, 1GZHOF
2.5 Combustion in the furnaces of power trains
2.6 Incineration in the furnaces of steam locomotives
2.7 Municipal fuel	All grades, groups, subgroups of brown coals and anthracites, as well as hard coals not used for coking of all grades, groups, subgroups
2.8 Domestic fuel	All grades, groups, subgroups of brown coals and anthracites, as well as hard coals not used for coking of all grades, groups, subgroups
3 Production of building materials
3.1 Lime production
		1CC, 2CC, 3CC
	and not used for coking:
3.2 Cement production	All grades, groups, subgroups of brown coals and anthracites
		1SS, 2SS, 3SS
	and not used for coking:
			1GZHOV, 1GZHOF
			1KSV, 1KSF
			2KSV, 2KSF
			KSNF, KSNF
3.3 Brick production	Coals of all grades, groups, subgroups not used for coking
4.1 Production of carbon adsorbents
4.2 Active carbon production
4.3 Agglomeration of ores

_____________________________

*(1) On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 55660-2013 Solid mineral fuel is in force. Determination of the yield of volatile substances

*(2) On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 55662-2013 (ISO 7404-3:2009) Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals is in force. Part 3. Method for determination of maceral composition

*(3) GOST R 55659-2013 (ISO 7404-5:2009) Methods for petrographic analysis of coals is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation. Part 5. Method for determining the reflectance index of vitrinite using a microscope

*(4) GOST R 54245-2010 (ISO 1170:2008) Solid mineral fuel is also valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. Recalculation of analysis results for various fuel states.

Annex A
(reference)

Examples of coding and labeling of fossil coals

Example 1. 1113218 - class 11 coal (vitrinite reflectance R o , r = 1, 10 - 1, 19% in accordance with table 3), category 1 (content of fusinized components ∑OK = 10 - 19% in accordance with table 4 ), type 32 (Vdaf volatiles from 32% to 34% according to table 6), subtype 18 (plastic layer thickness y = 18 mm according to table 9). Grade G (bold), group 2G (second bold) in accordance with table 11.

Example 2. Coal mine them. Lenin layer XVII of the Kuznetsk basin is characterized by the following indicators:

Vitrinite reflectance R o , r = 1.48%;

The yield of volatile substances V daf = 18, 3%;

The thickness of the plastic layer y = 10 mm.

This coal, in accordance with tables 3, 4, 6 and 9 of this standard, belongs to class 14, category 4, type 18, subtype 10. Code number 1441810. In accordance with table 11, this coal belongs to grade OS (lean sintering), group 1OS (first lean sintering), subgroup 1OSF (first lean sintering fusinite).

Example 3. Coal from the Dalnie Gory mine of the Podsporny seam of the Kuznetsk basin is characterized by the following indicators:

Vitrinite reflectance R o , r = 0.90%;

The yield of volatile substances V daf = 28%;

The thickness of the plastic layer y = 13 mm.

This coal, in accordance with tables 3, 4, 6 and 9 of this standard, belongs to class 09, category 4, type 28, subtype 13. Code number 0942813.

In Table 11, there is no such combination of class, category, type, and subtype. In accordance with subsection 8.4 of this standard, this coal belongs to the grade GZhO (gas fat lean), group 2GZhO (second gas fat lean), subgroup 2GZhOF (second gas fat lean fusinite).

Example 4. Coal of the Neryungri deposit of the South Yakutsk basin is characterized by the following indicators:

Vitrinite reflectance R o , r = 1.58%;

The yield of volatile substances V daf = 20, 1%;

Plastic layer thickness y = 12 mm;

Free swelling index SI = 8 1/2.

This coal, in accordance with tables 3, 4, 6 and 9 of this standard, belongs to class 15, category 1, type 20, subtype 12. The SI code in accordance with GOST 30313 is 8. Code number 1512012-8. In accordance with Table 11, taking into account the notes to subgroup 2KV, this coal belongs to grade K (coke), group 2K (second coke), subgroup 2KV (second coke vitrinite).

LLC firm "KOMEN" - large-tonnage deliveries of chemicals
in railway tanks and vehicles

Coal

Coal is a type of fossil fuel that is formed from parts of ancient plants underground without oxygen. Coal is the first fossil fuel used by man. This was the beginning of the industrial revolution, which in turn helped develop the coal industry, providing it with more modern technology.

There are four types of coal, depending on the degree of conversion and the specific amount of carbon.

• graphites,
• anthracites,
• bituminous coals,
• brown coals(lignites).

Coal mining

Coal mining methods depend on the depth of its location. If the depth of the coal seam does not exceed one hundred meters, the development is carried out by an open method in coal mines. There are also frequent cases when, with an ever-increasing deepening of a coal pit, it is further more profitable to start developing a coal deposit by an underground method. Mines are used to extract coal from great depths. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the deepest mines extract coal from a level of just over 1200 meters.

Coal marking

With the aim of rational industrial use of coal, its marking has been established. Coals are divided into grades and technological groups; the basis of such a division includes parameters that characterize the behavior of coal in the process of thermal action on it. The Russian classification differs from the Western classification. There are the following grades of coal:

• A- anthracites
• B- brown
• G- gas
• D- long-flame
• AND- fatty
• TO- coke
• OS- lean-sintering
• T- skinny

In addition to those indicated, intermediate grades are distinguished in some basins:

• gas fatty (GZH)
• coke fatty (QOL)
• coke second (K2)
• weakly caking (SS)

According to the size of the pieces obtained during mining, hard coal is classified into:

• P - (plate) more than 100 mm
• K - (large) 50 - 100 mm
• O - (walnut) 25 - 50 mm
• M - (small) 13 - 25 mm
• C - (seed) 6 - 13 mm
• Ш - (piece) 0 - 6 mm
• R - (ordinary) mine 0 - 200 mm, career 0 - 300 mm

Application of coal

Coal can be used in a variety of ways. It is used as a household, energy fuel, as a raw material for the metallurgical and chemical industries, including for the extraction of rare and trace elements from it. Quite profitable is the liquefaction (hydrogenation) of coal with the formation of liquid fuel. For the production of one ton of oil, two or three tons of coal are consumed. Artificial graphite is also obtained from coal.

Long-flame coal grade "D" (GOST R 51586-2000).

Long-flame coals are coals with a vitrinite reflection index of 0.4 to 0.79% with a volatile matter yield of more than 28-30% with a powdery or slightly caking non-volatile residue. Long-flame coals do not sinter and are classified as thermal coals.

Grade of coal	Size class, mm	Qualitative characteristics (limiting)				Heat of combustion lowest Kcal/kg
		Ash,%	Moisture,%	Sulfur,%	Volatile yield,%
DR	0 - 300	24,0	18,0	0,6	42,2	5000 - 7100
DSS	0 - 13	30,0	19,0	0,5	39,9	5000 - 7000
DOMSSH	0 - 50	28,5	19,0	1,0	39,9	7220
DPK	50 - 300	24,9	17,5	0,5	39,0	5100 - 7150
HOUSE	13 - 50	28,0	19,0	0,5	39,0	5100 - 7100

Transportation and storage

Coal is transported in bulk in open railway cars, in accordance with GOST 22235 or other vehicles, without violating the rules for the transportation of goods that apply to this type of transport.

When transporting coal of classes 0-13, 0-25, 0-50 mm, the manufacturer is obliged to take measures to prevent the formation of coal dust and loss of coal during transportation.

The height of the fall of coal during loading and unloading should not exceed two meters.

The coal storage should be located in a dry, swamp-free and flood-free area, not far from railway loading tracks or highways.

Specialized sites for storing coal are preliminarily leveled and cleaned, covering them with a mixture of slag and clay 12-15 cm thick, carefully tamping.

It is FORBIDDEN to arrange sites for coal warehouses above underground utilities and structures!

Shelf life of coals:

• brown - 6 months;
• stone - from 6 to 18 months;
• anthracite - 24 months.

Safety requirements

Coal is not a toxic product. In the air of the working area, coal is present in the form of an aerosol of fibrogenic action.

According to the degree of impact on the human body, coal belongs to the 4th hazard class.

GOST R 51591-2000

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

COALS BROWN, STONE AND ANTHRACITE

General technical requirements

GOSSTANDART OF RUSSIA

Moscow

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 179 “Solid Mineral Fuels” (Complex Research and Design Institute for the Enrichment of Combustible Fossils - IOTT) 2 ADOPTED AND INTRODUCED by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated April 21, 2000 No. 116-st 3 INTRODUCED FIRST

GOST R 51591-2000

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

COALS BROWN, STONE AND ANTHRACITE

Are commontechnicalrequirements

Brown coals, hard coals and anthracites. General technical requirements

dateintroductions 2001-01-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to a group of homogeneous products - brown, black coal and anthracite, as well as products of their enrichment and sorting (hereinafter referred to as coal products) and establishes quality indicators that characterize the safety of products and are subject to mandatory inclusion in the documentation for which products are manufactured.

2 Normative references

This standard uses references to the following standards: GOST 8606-93 (ISO 334-92) Solid mineral fuel. Definitions of total sulfur. Eshka method GOST 9326-90 (ISO 587-91) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determination of chlorine GOST 10478-93 (ISO 601-81, ISO 2590-73) Solid fuel. Arsenic determination methods GOST 11022-95 (ISO 1171-81) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining the ash content GOST 25543-88 Brown, black and anthracite coals. Classification by genetic and technological parameters

3 Technical requirements

3.1 Classification of coals according to genetic and technological parameters - according to GOST 25543. 3.2 Coal products are subdivided into graded and unsorted enriched coal (hereinafter referred to as enriched coal), graded raw coal, ordinary coal, intermediate product (middle product), screenings and sludge. 3.3 Quality indicators characterizing the safety of coal products are given in table 1. The norms for these indicators are set in the documents for specific products of individual enterprises, but they should not exceed the values ​​provided for by this standard. Table 1

Name of indicator	Product Norm			Test method
	Washed coal	Unwashed graded coal	Run-of-mine coal, middlings, screenings, sludge
1 Ash content A d ,%, no more:				GOST 11022
- coal
- brown coal
2 Mass fraction of total sulfur S d t , %, no more				GOST 8606
3 Mass fraction of chlorine Cl d ,%, no more				GOST 9326
4 Mass fraction of arsenic Asd, no more				GOST 10478

3.4 The test methods indicated in table 1 are arbitration and are subject to inclusion in the documentation regulating the quality of coal products. It is allowed to use other test methods that are not inferior in accuracy to those indicated in Table 1. Keywords: brown coal, hard coal, anthracite, ash content, total sulfur, arsenic, chlorine

Coals, GOST 17070-87

Standardization. GOST 17070-87: Coals. Terms and Definitions. OKS: General provisions. Terminology. Standardization. Documentation, Dictionaries. GOSTs. Coals. Terms and Definitions. class=text>

GOST 17070-87

Coals. Terms and Definitions

GOST 17070-87
Group A00

INTERSTATE STANDARD

Terms and Definitions

Coal.
Terms and definitions

MCC 03.040.73*
OKSTU 0301
____________________
* In the index "National Standards" 2007
ISS 01.040.73. - Database manufacturer's note.

Introduction date 1989-07-01

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated 12/21/87 N 4742

3. REPLACE GOST 17070-79

4. REFERENCE REGULATIONS AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

5. REPUBLICATION. December 2002
AMENDED, published in IUS N 7, 2009

Amended by database manufacturer

This standard establishes terms and definitions of concepts related to genetic types and species, petrographic composition, as well as to the chemical, physical, technological properties and analysis of brown, hard coals and anthracites, as well as their enrichment products.
The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation and literature that are within the scope of standardization or use the results of this activity.

1. Standardized terms with definitions are given in Table 1.

2. One standardized term is established for each concept.
The use of terms - synonyms of the standardized term is not allowed. Unacceptable for use terms-synonyms are given in Table 1 as a reference and are marked with "Ndp".

2.1. The above definitions can be changed, if necessary, by introducing derivative features into them, revealing the meanings of the terms used in them, indicating the objects included in the scope of the concept being defined. Changes should not violate the scope and content of the concepts defined in this standard.

2.2. In cases where the term contains all the necessary and sufficient features of the concept, the definition is not given and a dash is put in the "Definition" column.

2.3. In Table 1, as a reference, foreign equivalents are given for a number of standardized terms in German (D), English (E), French (F) languages.

3. Alphabetical indexes of the terms contained in the standard in Russian and their foreign language equivalents are given in Tables 2-5.

4. Standardized terms are in bold and invalid synonyms are in italics.

Table 1

Term	Definition
GENERAL CONCEPTS GENERAL CONCEPTS
1. Coal D. Kohle E. Fossil coal Coal F. Charbon mineral Charbon	Solid combustible sedimentary rock formed mainly from dead plants as a result of their biochemical, physico-chemical and physical changes
2. coal formation D. Inkohlung E. Coalification F. Houillification	Sequential transformation of dead plants into peat, lignite, coal and anthracite
3. Peat formation	Turning dead plants into peat
4. Gelification	The transformation of predominantly lignin-cellulose plant tissues into a structureless colloidal substance - gel
5. Fusenization	The transformation of part of the substances of dead plants into macerals of the inertinite and semivitrinite groups
6. Coal diagenesis	Turning peat into brown coal
7. Metamorphism of coal	The transformation of brown coal successively into hard coal and anthracite as a result of changes in the chemical composition, structure and physical properties of coal in the bowels, mainly under the influence of elevated temperature and pressure
8. Stage of coal metamorphism E. Rank	The degree of change in the composition and properties of coal, achieved during coal formation and determining its position in the genetic series: brown coal - hard coal - anthracite
9. Recovery of coals	The difference between coals of the same stage of metamorphism and petrographic composition in terms of chemical, physical and technological properties, due to the characteristics of the original vegetation and the conditions for its transformation at the initial stages of coal formation
10. Genetic classification of coals E. Genetic classification	Systematization of coals depending on the nature of the initial vegetation, the conditions of its accumulation and changes during coal formation
11. Industrial classification of coals E. Industrial classification	Systematization of coals according to indicators characterizing their suitability for industrial use
12. Grade of coal	Conventional designation of a variety of coals that are similar in genetic characteristics and basic energy and technological characteristics
13. Technological group of coal	Symbol for a group of coals included in the brand, limited by the established limits of the main technological characteristics, in accordance with the regulatory and technical documentation
TYPES OF COAL
14. Humolite D. Humuskohle	Coal, formed mainly from the products of the transformation of dead higher plants
15. Liptobiolite	Humolite formed predominantly from biochemically stable plant components, which include cuticles, spores, pollen, resinous substances and cork tissues
16. Sapropelite D. Sapropelkohle	Coal formed mainly from the products of the transformation of dead lower plants and protozoa under anaerobic conditions
17. Brown coal D.braunkohle E. Brown coal F. Charbonbrun	Coal of a low stage of metamorphism with a vitrinite (huminite) reflectance index of less than 0.60%, provided that the gross calorific value (on a wet ash-free state of coal) is less than 24 MJ / kg
18. Coal D. Steinkohle E. Hard coal F. Houille	Coal of the middle stage of metamorphism with a vitrinite reflectance from 0.40% to 2.59%, provided that the gross calorific value (for the wet ash-free state of coal) is equal to or higher than 24 MJ / kg, and the yield of volatile substances (for the dry ash-free state of coal ) is equal to 8% or more
19. Anthracite D. anthracite E. anthracite F. anthracite	Coal of a high stage of metamorphism with a vitrinite reflectance of 2.20% or more, provided that the yield of volatile substances (on a dry ash-free state of coal) is not less than 8%
20. Xylitol E. xylite	Macroscopic component of peat and brown coal, which is a slightly decomposed wood with preserved anatomical structure of tissues
21. oxidized coal Ndp. weathered coal D. Oxydierte Kohle E. Oxidized coal F. Charbon oxide	Coal that has changed its properties as a result of exposure to oxygen and moisture during occurrence in seams or during storage
PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION OF COALS
22. Petrographic composition of coal E. Petrographic composition of coal	Quantitative characteristics of coal by the content of the main groups of macerals, microlithotypes, lithotypes and mineral inclusions
23. Coal lithotypes D. Lithotyp E. Lithotype	Components of coal that are visible to the naked eye, differing in brilliance, color, fracture, structure, texture and cracking
24. Vitren E. Vitrain	The lithotype of coal, found in coal seams in the form of lenses and interlayers, is shiny, uniform, brittle, with a conchoidal fracture, with well-pronounced endogenous fracturing perpendicular to the stratification. Note. Under the microscope, vitren is represented by macerals of the vitrinite group.
25. Fuzen D. E. Fusain	The lithotype of coal, found in coal seams in the form of lenses and interlayers, is dull, with a silky sheen, fibrous structure, sooty, and very brittle. Note. Under the microscope, fusen is represented by macerals of the inertinite group.
26. Claren D. Clarain E. Clarain	The lithotype of coal, which forms interlayers and packs in coal seams, is close to vitren in luster, with an angular toner fracture, relatively brittle, uniform, and banded. Note. Under the microscope, claren is represented by more than 75% macerals of the vitrinite group.
27. Düren D. Durain E. Durain	Coal lithotype, forming interlayers and packs in coal seams, dull, uniform, hard, dense, with a rough surface and uneven granular fracture. Note. Under the microscope, duren is represented by more than 75% of macerals of the inertinite and liptinite groups.
28. Maceral Coal D. Maceral E. Maceral	The organic component of coal, distinguishable under a microscope, with characteristic morphological, structural features, color and reflectance
29. Mineral inclusions of coal E. Mineral inclusions	Minerals and their associations found in coal
30. Microlithotype of coal D. Microlithotyp E. Microlithotype	The combination of macerals in coal interlayers with a width of at least 50 microns or in an area of ​​50x50 microns
31. Carbominerite	Combination of Minerals with Coal Microlithotypes
32. Coal maceral group E. Maceral group	A set of genetically similar macerals of coal with similar chemical and physical properties
33. Huminite group D. Huminit	A group of macerals of brown coal, characterized by a gray color of various shades in reflected light, a well-distinguishable structure of plant tissues and is a precursor of the vitrinite group
34. Vitrinite group D. Vitrinit E. Vitrine	A group of coal macerals characterized by an even, smooth, uniform surface, gray color of various shades in reflected light, a weakly expressed microrelief and the ability, at a certain stage of metamorphism, to pass into a plastic state when heated
35. Inertinite group Ndp. Fusinite group D. Inertinitis E. inertinite	A group of coal macerals, characterized by color from white to yellow in reflected light, a pronounced microrelief and the absence of the ability to go into a plastic state when heated
36. Semivitrinite group	A group of coal macerals, which occupies an intermediate position between the vitrinite and inertinite groups and is characterized by a gray or whitish-gray color in reflected light, the absence of a microrelief and the ability to soften at a certain stage of metamorphism without turning into a plastic state
37. Liptinite group Ndp. Leuptinite group D. Exinit-Liptinitis E. Liptinite	A group of macerals of coal characterized by a dark brown, black or dark gray color in reflected light, preserved morphological features and the ability, at a certain stage of metamorphism, to pass into a plastic state when heated
38. Fusenated coal components	Calculated value numerically equal to the sum of macerals of the inertinite group and two thirds of macerals of the semivitrinite group
COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND ANALYSIS OF COALS
39. Coal testing	A set of operations for the selection, processing and analysis of coal samples
40. Party of coal	The amount of coal produced and shipped to the consumer for a specified time interval, the average quality of which is characterized by one combined sample
41. Spot test	According to GOST 10742-71
42. Pooled sample	According to GOST 10742-71
43. Laboratory sample of coal	A sample of coal obtained as a result of processing a point or combined sample to a grain size of less than 3 mm or a grain size provided for by special methods of analysis and intended for laboratory testing
44. Analytical sample of coal D. Analyzenprobe E. Analysis sample F. Echantillon pour analyse	A sample of coal resulting from the processing of a pooled or laboratory sample to a grain size of less than 0.2 mm or a grain size provided for by special methods of analysis and intended for analysis
45. Seam coal sample	A sample taken from a coal seam to characterize its structure and quality
46. Commodity sample of coal E. Trade sample	A sample taken from coal shipped or received by consumers to characterize the quality of commercial products
47. Collective sample of coal	A sample for determining the average quality of coal shipped from the enterprise during a specified time interval, and compiled separately by type of product by collecting one portion from an analytical sample prepared from each batch of coal
48. Operational sample of coal	A sample taken from mined coal to characterize the quality of coal produced from a separate longwall or area during a normal mining process
49. Technological sample of coal	A sample of coal taken to control the technological process and the operation of the main equipment of concentrating plants and coal processing plants
50. Coal working condition D. Rohzustand E. Ash sampled basis Ash received basis F. Telque	The state of the coal with the total moisture and ash content with which it is mined, shipped or used
51. Air-dry state of coal E. Air-dried basis	The state of coal, which is characterized by the establishment of an equilibrium between the moisture content of coal and the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere
52. Analytical state of coal E. Analysis basis	Air-dry state of the analytical sample of coal
53. Dry state of coal Ndp. Absolutely dry coal D. Wasserfreie Substanz E. Dry basis F. Eau exclue	The state of coal without total moisture (except hydrated)
54. Dry ashless state of coal Ndp. Combustible mass of coal D. Wasser- und aschefreie Substanz E. Dry ash free basis F. Eau et cendres exclues	Conditional state of coal without total moisture and ash
55. Wet Ashless coal condition E. Moist ash free basis F. Humide, cendres exclues	Conditional state of coal without ash, but with total moisture corresponding to the maximum moisture capacity of coal
56. Mineral mass of coal E. Mineral matter	The mass of chemical compounds of inorganic elements that make up coal
57. Organic mass of coal E. organic matter Dry mineral matter free basis	Conditional mass of coal without total moisture and mineral mass
58. Elemental composition of the organic mass of coal Ndp. Elementary Composition E. Ultimate analysis	Quantitative characteristics of the organic mass of coal according to the content of the main elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and organic sulfur
59. Ash-forming elements of coal	Elements, with the exception of oxygen, that make up the bulk of coal ash: silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, titanium, phosphorus
60. Trace elements of coal E. Microelements
61. Organo-mineral compounds of coal	Chemical compounds of ash-forming and microelements with organic matter of coal
62. External moisture of coal E. Free moisture F. fraction total	Moisture removed from coal when it is brought to an air-dry state
63. Moisture of air-dry coal D. Hydroskopische Feuchtigkeit E. Moisture in the air-dried coal F. Second fraction total	Moisture remaining in coal after bringing it to an air-dry state and determined under the conditions established by the standard
64. Total coal moisture D. Gesamtwassergehalt E. Total moisture F. totale	The sum of external moisture and moisture of air-dry coal
65. D. Analysenfeuchtigkeit E. Moisture in the analysis sample F. dans l "enchantillon pour analyse
66. Hydrated moisture of coal Ndp. Constitutional moisture of coal D. Hydratwasser E. Water of hydration F. Eau d "hydration	Moisture chemically bound to the mineral mass of coal and not removed by drying under conditions specified for the determination of total moisture
67. Formation moisture of coal Ndp. Moisture of freshly mined coal D. E. Bed moisture F. de gisement	The total moisture content of coal when it occurs in the seam
68. Bound Moisture of Coal Ndp. Internal moisture of coal D. Innere Feuchtigkeit E. Inherent moisture F. interne	Coal moisture retained by sorption and capillary forces
69. Free moisture of coal Ndp. Gravitational moisture of coal D. Freie Feuchtigkeit E. Free moisture F. libre	Moisture of coal in excess of bound and hydrated, which has the properties of ordinary water
70. Surface moisture of coal Ndp. Excess moisture of coal D. E. Surface moisture F. superficielle	Part of free and bound moisture found on the outer surface of grains or lumps of coal
71. Hygroscopic moisture of coal D. Hygroskopische Feuchtigkeit E. Water of constitution	Moisture of coal in equilibrium with the atmosphere, the temperature and relative humidity of which are specified in the standard
72. Maximum moisture capacity of coal Ndp. Total moisture capacity of coal D. E. Moisture-holding capacity F. d "eau
73. ash coal D. Asche E. Ash F. cendres	Inorganic residue after complete combustion of coal
74. Ash content of coal	Mass of ash determined under the conditions established by the standard and related to a unit mass of coal
75. Fusibility of coal ash D. Aschenschmelzbarkeit E. Fusibility of ash F. des cendres	The property of coal ash to gradually change from a solid state to a liquid-melting state through the stages of sintering, softening and melting when heated under the conditions established by the standard
76. Volatile substances of coal E. Volatile matter	Substances formed during the decomposition of coal under heating conditions without air access
77. Volatile matter yield of coal E. Yield of volatile matter	The mass of volatile substances per unit mass of coal, determined under the conditions established by the standard
78. Volatile yield of coal E. Volumetric yield of volatile matter	The volume of volatile substances per unit mass of coal, determined under the conditions established by the standard
79. Non-volatile coal residue Ndp. Coke residue crucible beetle D. Tiegelkoks E. Nonvolatile residue F. non-volatile	Solid residue after separation of volatile substances from coal under standard conditions
80. non-volatile carbon E. Fixed carbon	Mass fraction of carbon in non-volatile coal residue, defined as the difference between 100 and the sum of ash, total moisture and volatile matter
81. Ndp. Output of primary tar E. Yield of low-temperature tar	The mass of liquid decomposition products of a unit mass of coal when it is heated without air access under the conditions established by the standard
82. Coal bitumen E. Bitumens	A mixture of substances extracted from coal by organic solvents under standardized conditions
83. Humic acid coal D. E. Humic acids F. Fcides humiques	A mixture of acidic substances of the biochemical transformation of dead higher plants extracted from coal with aqueous alkaline solutions
84. Total coal sulfur D. Gesamtschwefel E. Total sulfur F. Soufre totale	The sum of different types of sulfur in the organic and mineral masses of coal
85. Organic coal sulfur D. Organische Schwefel E. Organic sulphur F. Soufre organique	Part of the total coal sulfur, which is part of the organic mass
86. Sulfur coal ash D. Ascheschwefel E. Sulfur of ash	Part of the total sulfur remaining in the ash of coal after its complete combustion
87. Sulfide coal sulfur E. Sulphide sulphur	Part of the total coal sulfur, which is part of the metal sulfides
88. Pyrite sulfur coal Ndp. Pyrite sulfur of coal D. Pyritschwefel E. Pyritic silphur F. Soufre pyritique	Part of the total sulfur of coal, which is part of pyrite and marcasite
89. Sulfated sulfur of coal D. Sulfatschwefel E. Sulphate sulphur F. Soufre sulfate	Part of the total coal sulfur, which is part of metal sulfates
90. Elemental sulfur of coal	Part of total sulfur present in free state in coal
91. Combustible sulfur coal E. Combustible sulphur	Part of the total sulfur that turns into gaseous oxides during the combustion of coal
92. Ndp. Carbonic acid carbonates D. Karbonat-Kohlendioxyd E. Carbon dioxide in carbonates F. Dioxyde de charbon en charbonate	Carbon dioxide released from carbonates contained in the mineral mass of coal when treated with acids under standard conditions
93. Higher calorific value of coal Ndp. Gross calorific value of coal fuel calorie content D. Oberer Heizwert E. Gross calorific value F. Pouvoir calorifique superieur	The amount of heat released during the complete combustion of a unit mass of coal in a calorimetric bomb in a compressed oxygen environment under the conditions established by the standard. Note. The residual products are gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, liquid water and ash.
94. Lower calorific value of coal Ndp. Net calorific value of coal fuel calorie content D. Unterer Heizwert E. Net calorific value F. Pouvoir calorifique interieur	The amount of heat equal to the gross calorific value minus the heat of vaporization of water released during the combustion of coal
95. E. Reflectance reflection index	The ratio of the intensity of the light flux of a given wavelength, reflected from the polished surface of the macerals of the vitrinite (humanite) group, to the intensity of the light flux incident perpendicular to this surface, expressed as a percentage
96.	The difference in the values ​​of the reflectance index of vitrinite, depending on its orientation in relation to the bedding, determined under the conditions established by the standard
97. Coal sintering D. E.Caking power R. Pouvoir agglutinant	The property of coal to pass when heated without access to air into a plastic state with the formation of a bound non-volatile residue
98. Caking capacity of coal	The property of crushed coal to sinter an inert material with the formation of a bound non-volatile residue under the conditions established by the standard
99. Coking capacity of coal D. E. Cooking power F. Pouvoir	The property of crushed coal to sinter with the subsequent formation of coke with a set size and strength of the pieces
100. Swelling of coal e.Swellability	The property of coal in a plastic state to increase in volume under the influence of released volatile substances
101. Swelling pressure of coal	Pressure developing during swelling of coal in a limited volume
102.	The maximum distance between the interfaces: coal - plastic mass - semi-coke, determined during plastometric tests of coal under the conditions established by the standard
103. Plastometric shrinkage of coal	The final change in the height of the coal load during plastometric tests of coal under the conditions established by the standard
104. E. Crucible swelling number	Caking index of coal, determined by the contour of the non-volatile residue obtained by rapidly heating coal in a crucible under the conditions specified by the standard, by comparing the contour of the residue with the contours of standard samples
105. Coal swelling index	Coal caking index, determined by the increase in the height of the coal briquette during rapid heating according to the IGI-DmetI method
106. Dilatometric indicators of coal according to Odiber - Arnoux D. Dilatometerzahl E. Dilatometer test index F. Indice	Caking index characterizing the thermoplastic properties of coal, determined by the change in the linear size of a pressed coal rod at various stages of slow heating under the conditions established by the standard
107. Horn Index D. Rogazahl E. Poga index F. Indice Roga	An indicator that characterizes the sintering ability of coal and is determined by the strength of the non-volatile residue obtained by rapidly heating a mixture of coal with an inert material under the conditions established by the standard
108. Grey-King type of coke D. Gray-King Kokstyp E. Gray-King coke type F. Type de coke Gray-King	Caking index of coal, determined by the type and characteristics of the non-volatile residue obtained from coal or a mixture of coal with an inert material when slowly heated under standard conditions and by comparison with a reference scale of coke types
109. Actual density of coal Ndp. True density of coal D. Wahre Dichte E. True density F.	The ratio of the mass of coal to its volume minus the volume of pores and cracks
110. Apparent density of coal Ndp. Bulk weight of coal D. Scheinbare Dichte E. Apparent density F. apparente	The ratio of the mass of coal to its volume, including the volume of pores and cracks
111. Bulk density of coal Ndp. Bulk weight of coal E. Bulk density	The ratio of the mass of freshly poured coal to its volume, including the volume of pores and cracks inside grains and pieces, as well as the volume of voids between them, determined under the established conditions for filling the container
112. Porosity of coal E. Porosity	Volume of pores and cracks per unit mass or volume of coal
113. Open porosity of coal	Coal porosity, represented by pores and cracks communicating with the external environment
114. Closed porosity of coal	The porosity of coal, represented by pores and cracks that do not communicate with the external environment
115. The outer surface of the coal	Geometric surface area of ​​a unit mass of coal grains
116. Inner surface of coal	Surface area of ​​pores and cracks per unit mass of coal
117. Coal surface	The sum of the outer and inner surface of the coal
118. Microhardness of coal	The hardness of coal, determined on microscopically small areas of the surface under the conditions specified by the standard
119. Microbrittleness of coal	Brittleness of coal, determined on microscopically small areas of the surface under the conditions specified by the standard
120. Grindability of coal D. Mahlbarkeit E. Grindability F.	The property of coal to be crushed under the conditions specified by the standard
121. Coal size class	A set of lumps of coal with dimensions determined by the size of the sieve holes used to separate these pieces
122. Fraction of coal	A collection of lumps of coal with a specified density range
123. Granulometric composition of coal Ndp. Sieve composition of coal E. Granular composition	Quantitative characteristics of coal by the size of the pieces
124. Fractional composition of coal	Quantitative characteristics of coal according to the content of fractions of various densities
125. Technical analysis of coal E. Proximate analysis	Determination of indicators provided for by the technical requirements for coal quality
126. Sieve analysis of coal E. Screen analysis Sieve analysis	Determination of the granulometric composition of coal by sieving a sample on sieves
127. Fractional analysis of coal	Determination of the fractional composition of coal by stratification of the sample in heavy liquids of established densities

ALPHABETIC INDEX OF TERMS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

table 2

Term	Term number
Charcoal sieve analysis
Technical coal analysis
Fractional analysis of coal
Vitrinite reflection anisotropy
Anthracite
Coal bitumen
Volatile coal substances
Vitren
Mineral coal inclusions
Moisture of an analytical sample of coal
Moisture of air-dry coal
Moisture of freshly mined coal
Coal internal moisture
External coal moisture
Hygroscopic coal moisture
Hydrate coal moisture
Moisture of coal gravitational
Coal moisture is excessive
Coal Moisture Constitutional
Moisture of coal total
Seam coal moisture
Coal surface moisture
Coal Moisture Free
Moisture bound coal
Moisture capacity of coal maximum
Moisture capacity of coal full
Recovery of coals
Swelling of coal
Volatile matter yield of coal
Volatile matter yield of coal volumetric
Output of primary tar
Coal semicoking resin output
Gelification
Vitrinite group
Huminite group
Inertinite group
Leuptinite group
Liptinite group
Coal maceral group
Semivitrinite group
Technological coal group
Fusinite group
Humolite
Swelling pressure of coal
Coal diagenesis
Carbon dioxide from coal carbonates
Düren
ash coal
Ash content of coal
Coal swelling index
Horn Index
Free swelling index of coal
fuel calorie content
Carbominerite
Coal humic acids
Claren
Genetic classification of coals
Classification of industrial coals
Coal size class
Coking capacity of coal
Fusenized coal components
Kinglet crucible
Xylitol
Liptobiolite
Coal lithotypes
Grade of coal
Mass of coal combustible
Mass of coal mineral
Bulk coal mass
Mass of coal volumetric
Organic coal mass
Maceral Coal
Metamorphism of coal
Microlithotype of coal
Microhardness of coal
Microbrittleness of coal
Trace elements of coal
Coal testing
Residue coke
The rest of the coal is non-volatile
Party of coal
Fusibility of coal ash
Density of coal real
Density of coal true
Apparent density of coal
Bulk density of coal
Coal surface
Coal outer surface
Coal inner surface
Coal indicators according to Audibert-Arn dilatometric
Vitrinite reflectance
Porosity of coal
Closed porosity of coal
Coal porosity open
Sample pooled
Spot test
Analytical sample of coal
Laboratory coal sample
Seam coal sample
Coal sample team
Technological coal sample
Commodity coal sample
Operational coal sample
Grindability of coal
Sapropelite
Sulfur coal ash
Sulfur of coal combustible
Pyrite coal sulfur
Sulfur of coal total
Organic coal sulfur
Pyrite coal sulfur
Sulphate coal sulfur
Coal sulfide sulfur
elemental coal sulfur
Organo-mineral coal compounds
The composition of the organic mass of coal is elemental
Composition of coal granulometric
Petrographic composition of coal
Composition of charcoal sieve
Coal fractional composition
The composition is elementary
Condition of coal analytical
Condition of coal ashless wet
Condition of coal ashless dry
Condition of coal air-dry
Coal working condition
Coal dry condition
Coal sintering
Coal sintering ability
Highest calorific value of coal
Low calorific value of coal
Stage of coal metamorphism
Heat of combustion of coal higher
Lowest heat of combustion of coal
Gray King type of coke
The thickness of the plastic layer of coal
Peat formation
Carbonic acid carbonates
Carbon non-volatile
coal formation
Coal
Coal is completely dry
Weathered coal
Brown coal
Coal
Coal oxidized
Coal shrinkage plastometric
Fraction of coal
Fuzen
Fusenization
Ash-forming elements of coal

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GERMAN TERMS

Table 3

Term	Term number
Analysenfeuchtigkeit
Analyzenprobe
Aschenschmelzbarkeit
Ascheschwefel
Dilatometerzahl
Exinit-Liptinit
Freie Feuchtigkeit
Gesamtschwefel
Gesamtwassergehalt
Gray-King Kokstyp
Hydratwasser
Hydroskopische Feuchtigkeit
Hygroskopische Feuchtigkeit
Innere Feuchtigkeit
Karbonat-Kohlendioxyd
Microlithotyp
Oberer Heizwert
Organische Scwefel
Oxydierte Kohle
Pyritschwefel
Sapropelkohle
Scheinbare Dichte
Sulfatschwefel
Unterer Heizwert
Wahre Dichte
Wasserfree Substanz
Wasser- und aschefreie Substanz

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMS IN ENGLISH

Table 4

Term	Term number
Air-dried basis
analysis basis
Analysis sample
Apparent density
Ash received basis
Ash sampled basis
bed moisture
Bulk density
Cake power
Carbon dioxide in carbonates
Coalification
Cooking power
Combustible sulphur
Crucible swelling number
Dilatometer test index
Dry ash free basis
Dry mineral matter free basis
fixed carbon
free moisture
Fusibility of Ash
genetic classification
Granular composition
Gray-King coke type
Grindability
Gross calorific value
industrial classification
Inherent moisture
Mactral group
Microelements
Microlithotype
Mineral inclusions
mineral matter
Moist ash free basis
Moisture in the air dried coal
Moisture in the analysis sample
Moisture holding capacity
Net calorific value
non-volatile residue
organic matter
Organic sulfur
Oxidized coal
Petrographic composition of coal
Proximate analysis
Pyritic sulphur
reflection index
screen analysis
Sieve analysis
Sulphate sulphur
Sulphide sulphur
Sulfur of Ash
surface moisture
Swellability
total moisture
Total sulfur
Trade sample
true density
ultimate analysis
Volatile matter
Volumetric yield of volatile matter
water of constitution
Water of hydration
Yield of low-temperature tar
Yield of volatile matter

ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMS IN FRENCH

Table 5

	Term number
Acides chemicals
Charbon brown
Charbon mineral
Dioxyde de charbon en charbonate
Eau d'hydration
Eau et cendres exclues
Echantillon pour analyse
Des cendres
Houillification
Humide, cendres exclues
Dans l"enchantillon pour analyse
De gisement
Superficielle
Pouvoir agglutinant
Pouvoir calorifique interieur
Pouvoir calorifique superieur
non-volatile
Second fraction total