Surgery is one of the most multifaceted and complex branches of medical knowledge, therefore it is structured according to the areas of influence of doctors. Highlight:

• General surgery is a broad branch that focuses on the gastrointestinal tract, breast, soft tissue and skin, as well as blood vessels, hernias and the thyroid gland.
• Surgical coloproctology, which deals surgical treatment diseases of the rectum.
• Skin surgery, which deals with skin tumors and is closely related to plastic surgery.
• Pediatric surgery is an extensive surgical branch that deals with the surgical treatment of diseases, malformations and injuries in children, taking into account the anatomical, topographical and physiological characteristics of the child’s body at various stages of development.
• Prosthetic surgery, which focuses on replacing lost or permanently damaged body parts with artificial substitutes.
• Hand surgery is a separate area of ​​traumatology, focused on eliminating complex injuries to the hand.
• Surgical dentistry is a branch of surgery that deals with tooth extraction, bone grafting, dental implantation, etc.
• Transplant surgery, which deals with the problems of organ transplantation and studies the prospects for creating artificial organs.
• Oral and maxillofacial surgery, which deals with the treatment of birth defects, injuries and diseases of the soft and hard tissues of the face, neck and bones of the maxillofacial area.
• ENT surgery (surgical otolaryngology) is a branch of surgery that specializes in the surgical treatment of otolaryngeal diseases. Closely associated with plastic surgery, oncology and neurosurgery.
• Neurosurgery, which deals with the surgical treatment of diseases of the nervous system.
• Obstetric and gynecological surgery, which focuses on the surgical treatment of pathologies of the female reproductive system, as well as surgical interventions on the female genital organs, membranes or fetus during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
• Orthopedic surgery is a branch of surgery that deals with the surgical treatment of pathologies of ligaments, bones and joints.
• Plastic surgery, which uses surgical techniques to correct defects and deformities of any organ, tissue or surface of the body.
• Podiatry is a surgical branch that deals with the treatment of congenital and acquired pathologies of the foot and leg.
• Traumatology is a branch of surgery that deals with the elimination of the consequences of various injuries.
• Surgical oncology, which deals with the surgical treatment of cancer.
• Urology is a surgical discipline that deals with the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system and pathological processes in the retroperitoneal space.
• Andrology is a narrow branch of urology that deals with the treatment of diseases of the male reproductive system.

A surgeon of any narrow specialization deals with:

• reception and examination of admitted patients;
• collecting anamnesis and making a diagnosis;
• carrying out planned and emergency surgical interventions;
• conducting postoperative examinations and preventing complications;
• monitoring the patient until his complete recovery;
• discharge of patients.

Types of surgeons

Depending on the narrow specialization, a surgeon may be:

• . This specialist treats arrhythmias, congenital and acquired heart defects, endocarditis, coronary atherosclerosis and other heart diseases.
• . The scope of activity of this specialist includes pleurisy, pericarditis, accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity, stenosis of the trachea and bronchi, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and other pathologies of the mediastinal organs.
• . This specialist deals with pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and other peritoneal organs.
• A surgeon who treats tumors of the adrenal glands, pathologies of the thyroid gland, hormonally active tumors of the pancreas and other pathologies of the endocrine system.
• Surgeon-. This doctor treats hemorrhoids, anal fissures, rectal polyps, paraproctitis and other diseases of the final intestine.
• . This doctor deals with tooth extraction, treatment of tumors in the oral cavity, implantation and preparation for prosthetics, treats diseases of the salivary glands, temporomandibular joint, etc.
• A surgeon who removes polyps and tonsils, corrects the nasal septum, removes foreign bodies, and eliminates various abnormalities of the face, neck and ears.
• Pediatric surgeon. This specialist deals with emergency and planned surgical treatment of various pathologies in children, as well as examination of newborns for the timely detection of abnormalities, diseases and pathologies.
• , which treats osteochondrosis, cerebrovascular accidents, tunnel syndrome, cranial tumors, traumatic brain injuries and other pathologies of the central and peripheral nervous system.
• Transplantologist. This specialist is involved in transplanting any tissue structure or organ, conducting compatibility tests between the donor and recipient, postoperative patient care, etc.
• A surgeon who performs ovarian resection, treats uterine fibroids, cysts, adhesions in the pelvic cavity, ectopic pregnancy and other diseases of the female reproductive system.
• Surgeon-. This doctor treats prostatitis, genital dysfunction and other diseases of the male reproductive system.
• A surgeon who treats cryptorchidism, hydronephrosis, genitourinary tract infections and other diseases of the genitourinary system.
• Surgeon-. This specialist deals with the removal of malignant and benign neoplasms various organs using surgical methods.
• who is engaged in change various parts body to eliminate visual defects.
• Surgeon-. This doctor deals with joint replacement and treats hallux valgus deformity. thumb foot, curvature of the spine, bursitis, meniscus tear and other pathologies of the musculoskeletal system.
• , which treats abscesses, osteomyelitis of the jaw, lymphadenitis, periostitis and other pathologies of the face, jaw and neck.
• Surgeon-. This doctor removes papillomas, nevi and other skin tumors, performs skin grafting for trophic ulcers, burn injuries, etc.
• A surgeon who treats astigmatism, retinal dystrophy and detachment, glaucoma, cataracts and other ophthalmological diseases that cannot be treated conservatively.
• Bariatric surgeon. This specialist deals with the treatment of obesity using surgical methods.

Depending on the methods of surgical treatment, the doctor may:

• Microsurgeon. This specialist performs high-precision cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries of the eyes, heart, hands, brain, face and blood vessels using a microscope and miniature surgical instruments.
• A laser surgery specialist who uses a laser instead of a scalpel to perform surgery.

What does the surgeon treat?

All organs and systems of the human body are subject to surgical treatment according to indications, but in most cases the surgeon specializes in treating one organ or system.

Surgeons perform:

• Emergency operations that are performed within 2-4 hours after the patient’s admission to the hospital with life-threatening states. Such operations are carried out by an on-duty team without preoperative preparation and a detailed examination of the patient’s body.
• Planned operations that are performed after additional examinations and preoperative preparation in the absence of contraindications from other organs and systems.
• Urgent operations that are performed within 1-2 days after admission to the hospital if intensive conservative therapy is ineffective.
• Delayed operations, which are performed within a week after diagnosis, if the pathological process can be stopped using conservative methods.

The surgeon treats:

A consultation with a surgeon is necessary if the patient:

• complains of local pain in the spine;
• experiences joint pain or limitation in limb movements;
• experiences severe abdominal pain;
• complains of rectal prolapse, constipation, blood in the stool;
• experiencing difficulty or pain when urinating;
• feels rapid fatigue of the legs in combination with poor tolerance to physical activity;
• complains of an ingrown toenail, a protruding bone on the leg;
• suffers varicose veins veins;
• suffers from a hernia;
• has birth defects;
• discovered swelling and redness of soft tissues;
• I discovered neoplasms on my body.

Patients are also referred to the surgeon with:

At the initial examination, the surgeon:

• studies the patient's history and complaints;
• conducts examinations and prescribes additional examinations;
• selects a treatment regimen taking into account the patient’s health characteristics.

Subsequently, the surgeon sets a date for surgery and prescribes preoperative preparation (can be psychological, general somatic and special).

Diagnostics

To diagnose the disease, the surgeon may refer the patient to:

• X-ray (it is possible to conduct a comparative X-ray, which compares the diseased and healthy bones);
• ductographic examination, in which a contrast agent is injected to take an x-ray;
• Ultrasound of the affected area;
• bronchoscopy, which allows you to examine the condition of the trachea and bronchi;
• pleuroscopy (thoracoscopy), which allows you to examine the pleural cavity with an endoscopic device (inserted through a puncture chest);
• fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy, which allows you to examine the esophagus, stomach and upper part of the duodenum;
• cystoscopy, which helps to examine the inside of the bladder;
• diagnostic laparoscopy is a method of minimally invasive surgery that allows you to visually examine the abdominal and pelvic organs using a laparoscope;
• sigmoidoscopy - an endoscopic method used for visual examination of the rectal mucosa and distal parts of the sigmoid colon;
• fibrocolonoscopy - an endoscopic examination that is used to examine the colon;
• ECG, which is used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases and before surgery;
• CT is an x-ray method that allows you to obtain a layer-by-layer image of organs;
• MRI, which is used to obtain tomographic images of tissues and organs (important for diagnosing soft tissues);
• functional study of the circulatory system;
• breath-hold test to assess the body's oxygen supply;
• ultrasonography, which allows you to image the structure of organs and tissues without exposure to X-rays;
• neurological studies that are carried out if innervation disorders are suspected;
• biopsy and histology, which are used to identify tumors to test for malignancy.

In addition, before any surgical intervention, the surgeon directs the patient to:

• general and biochemical blood test;
• blood test for group and Rh factor;
• blood test for hepatitis, HIV and sexually transmitted diseases;
• coagulogram, which allows you to evaluate blood clotting indicators;
• general urine analysis.

Treatment

The main method of treatment in surgery is operations, which, depending on the volume, are divided into:

• Radical (single-stage and multi-stage), which in most cases provide complete recovery. When treating oncological diseases, an extended operation is also performed, in which the affected regional lymph nodes are removed along with the affected organ.
• Reconstructive, aimed at eliminating pathological changes that developed after a previous surgical intervention.
• Palliative, which are carried out when radical surgery is not possible. They are carried out to alleviate the patient's suffering.
• Symptomatic. They are carried out to eliminate the painful symptoms of the disease.
• Restorative. Aimed at restoring organ functions in the presence of congenital or acquired defects.

Minimally invasive methods and laparoscopic techniques are widely used.

There are diseases, injuries and pathologies for which conservative treatment does not bring results. In such situations, a surgeon is involved in the fight for the life and health of the patient - a specialist in performing surgical interventions in human body. Carrying out operations is the main direction of his medical activity.

Surgery is a very broad branch of medicine. This is due to the fact that there are a huge number of diseases and disorders that can be effectively eliminated through operations. All these ailments can manifest themselves in various organs and parts of the human body. For this reason, each surgeon specializes in a specific narrow area, for example, in vascular, cardiac, or maxillofacial surgery.

Surgeon: what kind of specialist and what does he do?

Carrying out surgical interventions requires special training and level of training from the physician. A surgeon is a doctor with a higher medical education who, after graduating from a university, completed a residency or internship course in the specialty of surgery. In the future, in order to obtain qualifications in a specific branch of surgery, it is necessary to undergo training in special courses. In addition to general medical sciences, surgeons study asepsis and antisepsis, desmurgy, and some other special branches of medicine that will definitely be useful to them in their practical activities. This doctor influences the organs and tissues of the body directly, gaining access to them using appropriate instruments. The operations he carries out can be local (local) or complex.

The surgeon's competence includes the initial diagnosis of the patient's condition. Often patients come to him on a referral from the attending specialist, however, in some cases, a highly specialized surgeon himself sees patients in clinics, hospitals and private medical institutions.

However, the main focus of this doctor’s activity is the treatment of acute and chronic health disorders. In addition, he can also provide emergency treatment in case a person receives various injuries, for example, as a result of disasters or accidents.

An operation is a complex medical process during which intervention occurs directly in the human body. It involves not only the surgeon, although he is certainly the main character. The surgeon is assisted by a nurse; in severe cases there may be two or three of them. Another doctor, without whom it is impossible to carry out most surgical operations, is an anesthesiologist. Before starting the operation, he puts the patient into a state of medicated sleep, or uses drugs that completely block the sensitivity of a specific area or part of the body. During the entire operation, he remains near the patient and monitors his condition so that, in case of emergency situations that threaten the patient’s life, he takes appropriate measures, for example, resuscitation. However, the main responsibility for performing the operation lies with the surgeon. He checks and monitors the patient’s condition even after surgery.

The operation itself involves certain surgical procedures:

• directly cutting muscles or tissues for the purpose of diagnosis or surgery;
• amputations;
• treatment and treatment of wounds, superficial herbs;
• placement of endoscopic devices and probes into the body;
• blood transfusions;
• stopping bleeding;
• treatment of burns.

What organs and parts of the body does the surgeon treat?

Considering the vastness of this industry, we can safely say that a surgeon works with all parts of the human body: torso, head, limbs.

He performs operations on:

• digestive organs;
• skin;
• organs of the nervous system;
• organs of the musculoskeletal system;
• sense organs;
• respiratory organs;
• organs of the genitourinary system;
• glands (for example, thyroid, mammary and others).

Main types of specialization of surgeons

Surgery is used as a form of treatment for chronic and acute illnesses, as well as cosmetic procedure to improve appearance. There are many types of surgeons.

Plastic surgeons

Plastic surgery is a very popular branch of medicine today. In cases where a person is categorically dissatisfied with a certain part of his body (its size, location, shape), it is not always possible to correct the situation with the help of self-persuasion, creams or exercises. And no one has canceled the process of natural aging. In addition, such doctors give hope to people who have suffered, for example, as a result of an accident or disaster, which has negatively affected their appearance.

The most popular operations performed by a plastic surgeon are:

• skin tightening, wrinkle elimination;
• blepharoplasty;
• rhinoplasty;
• mammoplasty;
• liposuction;
• plastic surgery of the external genitalia;
• elimination of cosmetic defects.

This doctor carries out his work not only in hospitals and clinics, but also in cosmetology centers or beauty salons. In any case, specialized education and specialization are the main requirements for a doctor.

A laser surgeon does not treat only one specific organ or part of the body. He can perform operations for diseases of various organs, as well as to remove cosmetic defects. In his work he uses a special laser device with high-precision nozzles.

Main areas of application:

• ophthalmology;
• dermatology;
• dentistry;
• neurosurgery.

Pediatric surgeon

A separate branch of surgery is pediatric surgery. It is known that the anatomy of a child has significant differences from the anatomy of an adult; in addition, congenital malformations occur in children, and some “adult” diagnoses, such as cholecystitis or pancreatitis, for children are an exception, a rarity, and the peculiarities of their identification and treatment can Only a pediatrician will know. Therefore, most operations involving small patients are performed by a specialized surgeon. A child can be referred to him by:

• pediatrician;
• neonatologist;
• therapist;
• surgeons of related profiles.

Implant surgery in dentistry

An implant surgeon is a doctor with a very narrow specialization who specializes in dental prosthetics. In addition to surgical intervention, the doctor can carry out conservative treatment, remove teeth or fill them. A general dentist, by the way, can also place dental implants on a patient, but it is believed that a surgeon specializing in this process will cope with the task better.

What is transplantology?

This narrow section of surgery is responsible for the process of organ transplantation from a donor to a recipient - a patient who may not survive without such an operation. In addition to the fact that the industry itself is very specialized, there is also a qualification division of doctors within it. Thus, a surgeon involved in heart transplantation will not undertake a transplant operation, for example, a kidney.

Such operations are considered one of the most complex, require enormous experience and knowledge, and are usually carried out only in specialized medical centers equipped with the latest medical science.

In addition to the transplantation process itself, the doctor is also responsible for the postoperative condition of the patient, monitors the process of his rehabilitation, checks whether the organ has taken root and is functioning normally.

A transplant surgeon can perform transplantation:

• liver;
• kidney;
• hearts;
• pancreas;
• lungs.

Skin grafting is usually the responsibility of a surgeon caring for burn patients.

Burn surgeon

The main area of ​​activity of this doctor is the treatment of wounds and skin grafting in patients with extensive skin lesions as a result of burns. In addition to the surgeon, many other doctors work with such patients at the same time: therapists, resuscitators, traumatologists, and others.

Vascular surgeon

The competence of a vascular surgeon includes surgical treatment of problems in the functioning of blood and lymphatic vessels. Considering that surgical intervention in such cases can occur by direct tissue dissection, or through the vessel itself, a surgeon of this specialization must have various skills and techniques for suturing damaged vessels. Common reasons for visiting a vascular surgeon are diagnosed aneurysms and thrombophlebitis. In addition, a specialist is involved in complex operations on various organs, when the participation of a group of surgeons of various specialties is necessary.

Maxillofacial surgeon

The medical specialization of this doctor is diseases and injuries in the facial part of the skull. In part, his work is close to the work of a plastic surgeon, because he also deals with painstaking tissue restoration. The main difference is that for an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, the primary task is to eliminate the injury, wound or disease so that the person's maxillofacial apparatus can function normally. Beauty in this case fades into the background. The doctor works with the following disorders and diseases:

• fractures of the facial bones;
• injuries to soft facial tissues;
• abscesses and phlegmons;
• osteomyelitis;
• periostitis;
• complications of dental diseases.

What does a thoracic or breast surgeon do?

This doctor's specialty is the treatment of pathologies and diseases of the chest. The specificity of working with this part of the human body lies in the presence in the chest of not only soft tissues that are freely amenable to surgical intervention, but also ribs that complicate the doctor’s access to the organs.

It should be noted that the thoracic surgeon does not perform heart operations - this is the competence of a cardiac surgeon. A thoracic surgeon may be involved in heart surgery to provide the cardiac surgeon with access to the chest.

The doctor's direct specialization is:

• lung diseases;
• the need to remove part or all of the lung;
• purulent diseases of the mediastinum;
• chest injuries;
• the appearance of accumulations of pus in the pleural cavity;
• diaphragm rupture and diaphragmatic hernia.

Patients are usually referred to a thoracic surgeon by a general practitioner, pulmonologist, or cardiologist.

Abdominal surgeon

One of the most popular areas in modern surgery is abdominal surgery, a field of medicine that deals with the treatment of pathologies, diseases and disorders in the abdominal cavity of the human body. These doctors conduct preventive examinations in schools and kindergartens, and they are often members of medical commissions at military registration and enlistment offices.

Surgeons of this qualification perform surgical interventions associated with the following diseases:

• appendicitis;
• cholecystitis;
• hernias;
• intestinal obstruction;
• pancreatitis;
• splenic ruptures;
• diverticulitis;
• peptic ulcer of the stomach or duodenum;
• peritonitis.

What does an oncologist treat?

Tumor lesions can appear in almost all organs of the human body, they can be benign or malignant. Each removal operation has its own specifics, depending on the location of the tumors. Therefore, oncologist surgeons, in turn, are also divided according to their qualification areas. A bone marrow doctor cannot perform surgery to remove brain tumors.

Traumatologist

Often, most traumatologists have a surgical background and can perform some operations, since many wounds require primary surgical debridement to prevent infection and speed up the tissue healing process.

Working with fractures also requires surgical skills: the ability to combine bone pieces and fragments, as well as installing knitting needles. That is why the traumatologist spends a significant amount of time in the operating room.

A doctor of this specialization treats the following injuries and disorders:

• bone fractures (limbs, ribs);
• tears of ligaments and muscles;
• various wounds: stabs, gunshots, cuts;
• tissues affected by burns;
• internal bleeding.

In addition, his competence includes surgical intervention for amputation of limbs, removal of foreign bodies, and joint replacement surgeries.

What other diseases does the surgeon treat?

In addition to the above areas of activity of a doctor, he can engage in surgical treatment of the following injuries and diseases:

• boils, carbuncles, abscesses, gangrene, purulent wounds (purulent surgeon);
• disorders of the musculoskeletal system (orthopedic surgeon);
• diseases of the thyroid gland, gonads, pituitary gland, adrenal glands (endocrinologist surgeon);
• inflammatory processes of the uterus and ovaries, malformations and abscesses in the genital area, adhesions of the pelvic organs, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts, uterine polyps (gynecologist surgeon);
• urolithiasis, kidney tumors, narrowing of the ureters, pathologies of the bladder, inflammation of the perinephric tissue (urological surgeon);
• eye injuries, cataracts, retinal detachment, strabismus (ophthalmologist);
• paraproctitis, anal fissures, hemorrhoids, rectal polyps, tumor formations in the intestines (surgeon-proctologist);
• disorders of the heart (cardiac surgeon);
• pathologies of the male genital organs (surgeon-andrologist);
• injuries and pathologies of the hand (hand surgeon).

What symptoms should you consult a surgeon for?

Typically, a consultation with a doctor of this profile is prescribed by the attending physician in cases where there is a need for surgery:

In addition, you should make an appointment with a doctor:

• when sharp pain of unknown etiology appears;
• when foreign impurities are detected in feces and urine;
• with redness of soft tissues, areas around the joints, with the formation of edema in these places;
• when warts, tumors, condylomas appear on the body;
• with prolonged vomiting of blood, when there is a history of peptic ulcer;
• in the presence of long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers, especially on the extremities;
• when painful lumps are detected in the area of ​​the lymph nodes and mammary glands in women.

Other reasons to visit a doctor are pathologies and injuries such as ingrown nails, corns, and painful calluses.

Methods used by the doctor for diagnosis and treatment

To determine the ailment for which a patient turns to a surgeon, the doctor must first find out exactly what causes have become a cause for concern. The surgeon interviews the person and learns about all the manifestations and sensations that differ from the norm. Having collected the information in this way, the doctor begins an examination: he examines the external condition of the skin, mucous tissues, seals, wounds, ulcers, limbs and torso, and palpates them.

In most cases, the data obtained in this way is not enough to make a diagnosis, and therefore the doctor prescribes blood tests (biochemistry, comprehensive general analysis), PCR tests for hepatitis viruses, a general urine test, and tests for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases. Among other examinations in the surgeon’s “arsenal” are: anoscopy, ultrasound, functional testing of the circulatory system, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, cystoscopy, laparoscopy, pleuroscopy, radiography of the stomach and intestines, electrocardiogram, and other methods of studying the condition of the body.

After making a diagnosis, the doctor determines what treatment measures need to be taken in a particular case. If we are talking about the need for an urgent operation, the doctor argues this need for the patient and sends him to the hospital for preparatory measures.

Surgical treatment can be carried out in various ways. There are general and specialized surgery. The latter includes microsurgery, neurosurgery, laser surgery, and endoscopic surgery. General surgery includes acute, abdominal surgery and traumatology.

The surgeon provides specialized medical care to patients for whom all other treatment methods, except surgery, are inappropriate or useless. This profession differs from other medical professions increased level responsibility and requirements for a specialist. The surgeon must have iron restraint, patience, high precision, accuracy, excellent hand motor skills, one hundred percent vision, endurance and stamina. The patient’s life largely depends on how quickly and clearly this doctor can make the right decisions in difficult, dangerous situations that arise during surgery. Despite the fact that not only the surgeon is involved in the process of the operation, often all responsibility for the outcome of this event falls on him.

Surgery is a branch of medicine who deals with diseases that require surgery to treat. Treatment with surgery includes several stages: preparing the patient for surgery, anesthesia or anesthetic, and the actual surgery. Surgical operations can be diagnostic, radical, or palliative. According to the timing of operations, there are emergency, urgent and planned. This article will discuss the most common types of surgery: maxillofacial surgery, general surgery, laser surgery, operative surgery, thoracic surgery, ophthalmic, aesthetic, abdominal surgery, as well as vascular surgery.

general surgery

Surgery in all areas of human anatomy is called general surgery. Such areas usually include the abdominal cavity, chest, blood vessels, and soft tissues. The listed operations are very complex and dangerous. They can only be performed under general anesthesia. General surgery deals with operations that involve prolonged hospitalization of the patient: before, during and after surgery.

General surgery mostly includes abdominal surgery. To carry out such surgery, laparoscopic operations are used, which replace conventional operations involving opening the cavity of the skin or organ. Emergency general surgery successfully applies this technique in operations on acute appendicitis, ulcers, intestinal obstruction, and hernia. The postoperative period after laparoscopic surgery is much faster.

Laser surgery

Since the discovery of laser beams, medicine has begun to actively use them in its field. Today, laser surgery is a common phenomenon. Methods of such operations are gaining more and more fans. Laser surgery has a number of advantages. Among them: selective impact on individual areas helps direct energy into the right direction, with the strict control of the surgeon, the laser is able to remove necessary education without damaging the surrounding or adjacent healthy tissue. Laser surgery is relatively bloodless compared to conventional methods. Healing in laser surgery is faster and better.

During skin operations, laser surgery does not leave scars, this property is very useful in aesthetic surgery. There is virtually no swelling of the wound. Laser surgery is used to perform operations on hard-to-reach areas such as the lower and upper eyelids (eye surgery). Laser surgery is used mainly to remove tumors, as well as to carefully cut the skin.

Operative surgery

The area of ​​work of operative surgery is emergency surgical interventions. The purpose of such operations is, for example, urgent stopping of bleeding in order to prevent significant blood loss, tracheostomy and venesection in emergency cases, initial treatment of wounds in surgery. Operative surgery is based on topographic-anatomical principles. The instrumentation of surgery, the subject of which is operative surgery, is very similar to general surgery. The same diagnostics, the operation itself and the postoperative period.

Maxillofacial Surgery

Maxillofacial surgery in Moscow deals with operations on the bones and tissues of the maxillofacial area. An oral and maxillofacial surgery patient may also need cosmetic surgery as they may need to correct a face whose appearance has changed after surgery.

Treatment of the following complications is carried out by maxillofacial surgery in Moscow:

• fracture of facial bones;
• correction of bone defects together with vascular surgery in Moscow;
• restoration of jaw shape using maxillofacial surgery in Moscow;
• implantation of bone substitutes;
• treatment of inflammatory processes of the sinuses and purulent inflammation on the face with maxillofacial surgery in Moscow;
- removal of tumors on the jaw.

Maxillofacial surgery in Moscow is represented by clinics where a patient with diseases of the facial bones can undergo examination through ultrasound, MRI, blood tests, consultation with specialists in general, vascular surgery in Moscow and related fields of surgery. Oral and maxillofacial surgery also deals with inflammatory processes in the soft tissues of the face and the facial bone.

Thoracic surgery

Thoracic surgery deals with operations on the chest. Modern surgery deals with the treatment of all pathologies of the chest. The following diseases are examined and treated in thoracic surgery:

• ((banner2-left))benign and malignant lung tumors;
• neoplasm in the pleura and mediastinum;
• damage to the chest organs;
• inflammation of the ribs;
• pathology of the chest and diaphragm;
• melanoma.

Thoracic surgery is part of general medicine. Breast cancer and its surgical removal are also dealt with by thoracic surgery specialists. Can still be executed plastic surgery for breast restoration and reconstruction (aesthetic surgery).

Eye surgery

A separate section of microsurgery is eye surgery. Such operations require highly qualified surgeons and the use of the latest surgical techniques and miniature working instruments. Operative eye surgery includes the treatment of glaucoma, cataracts, eyelid papillomas, eversion and entropion, and others. The operations are performed by an ophthalmologist.

The eye is the most important human sense organ. In eye surgery, accurate diagnosis and confidence in the necessity of surgical intervention are necessary. Eye surgery can also be performed as an outpatient surgery, meaning the patient goes home the same day after eye surgery.

Abdominal surgery

Surgeries on the abdominal cavity are performed by abdominal surgery. These are the following organs: liver, kidneys, intestines, stomach, spleen, gall bladder, pancreas. Increasingly, they are performed without a classic incision. In abdominal surgery, a puncture is made in the abdominal tissue, and a laparoscope is inserted through this puncture. Abdominal surgery operations are extremely important and life-threatening. Surgeries on the liver are considered the most difficult, because the liver is a very delicate organ in its structure.

Vascular surgery in Moscow

The branch of medicine that allows expanding the possibilities of non-traumatic operations is vascular surgery. This technique is gaining momentum in Moscow. Increasingly, vascular surgery in Moscow is becoming minimally invasive. Minimally invasive operations are performed in cardiac surgery; it is used by maxillofacial surgery in Moscow.

Advantages of vascular surgery (in Moscow) using the endovascular method: possible outpatient surgery, that is, all stages of the operation are performed in 1 day; low risk of complications; in vascular surgery (Moscow) general anesthesia is not needed in most cases; pain is significantly reduced compared to traditional surgery.

Outpatient surgery

Contraindications to outpatient surgery are cardiovascular diseases, kidney and liver diseases, bleeding disorders, allergies to drugs. Outpatient surgery involves a one-day hospital visit, short preparation time, and the actual surgery. And the patient goes home. Vascular surgery in Moscow and aesthetic surgery use the outpatient method. Also, recently, outpatient surgery on the abdominal wall (abdominal surgery) has become increasingly common. Outpatient operations are fast and high-quality, and they are cheaper than inpatient ones.

Aesthetic surgery

Aesthetic surgery refers to plastic surgery. Its goal is to help a person like himself. Aesthetic surgery includes facial plastic surgery, face and body lifts, liposuction, bone reshaping, and more. Aesthetic surgery follows the principle of harmony of human forms. The capabilities of this surgeon are expanding every year and with every new patient.

Surgery (chier - hand, ergon - action) translated from Greek means manual labor, craft. However, at present it is unlikely that surgeons will like this understanding of their profession. A surgeon is not only a manipulator. In order to decide whether it is necessary to operate on a patient and what operation to perform, the surgeon must, no less carefully than other specialists, study the medical history, assess the patient’s condition, and conduct the necessary examination. After all, if the diagnosis is made inaccurately, the indications and contraindications for surgery are incorrectly determined, even a superbly performed surgical intervention will not bring relief to the patient and, on the contrary, can lead to an undesirable effect, and sometimes even to the death of the patient. In addition, the success of treatment is determined by complete preoperative preparation and adequate treatment in the postoperative period, which requires a significant amount of knowledge in internal medicine, clinical pharmacology and other sciences, and requires the ability to recognize complications and deal with them.
It should be noted that the above applies primarily to Russian surgeons, trained in truly Russian surgical traditions. In many foreign countries, and in some cases in modern Russia(for example, in eye microsurgery centers), there is a different operating principle. Preoperative examinations are carried out by specialist doctors in this field. They determine the diagnosis and render a verdict: a certain type of surgical intervention is required. The operation itself - manual manipulation in the literal sense of the word - is performed by a surgeon - a manipulator of the highest class, whose hand movements are practiced to perfection. His mission is completed with the placement of the last suture, and then the patient is treated by specialists in the postoperative period. Such a system is certainly technologically progressive. Narrow specialization allows us to make maximum use of the highest qualifications of our craftsmen. However, with such a system, it is essentially the disease that is treated, not the sick person who has many individual characteristics. There is no person - an attending physician who supervises the patient at all stages, life
lives with him in one life, sympathizes and rejoices with him* Feelings of compassion and spirituality are traditionally associated with Russian national character, Russian medicine and surgery in particular.
In general, if you think seriously, it is now very difficult to give a clear definition of the concept of “surgery”. In the 18th, 19th, and even at the beginning of the 20th centuries, everything was simple and clear: surgical diseases are those that are treated with the help of operations, that is, with a surgical knife - a scalpel. There is an incision - surgery, no incision - no surgery. At the end of the 20th century the situation is different. Along with traditional classical operations, when the doctor picks up a scalpel, makes an incision, exposes the diseased organ and performs some manipulations with it (removes, resects a part, modifies, etc.), there is minimally invasive surgery (endoscopic and endovascular interventions), with in which practically no dissection of body tissue occurs, and sometimes there is no need for pain relief. Moreover, with the development of technology and the introduction of new technologies, surgeons increasingly want to do with “little bloodshed” - without extensive deep wounds and serious intervention in the patient’s body.
We think the following definition of surgery is the most complete.
SURGERY is one of the main branches of clinical medicine, studying diseases and injuries, the diagnosis and treatment of which uses methods and techniques that are, to one degree or another, accompanied by a violation of the integrity of the body's integumentary tissues.
This definition, combining all the variety of surgical methods, emphasizes their important distinctive feature - penetration into the internal environment of the body, breaking the barrier separating the patient’s body from the external environment. It is damage to the integument - the skin or mucous membrane - that poses a possible threat of infection, bleeding and mechanical damage to organs, which are the main complications of surgical operations.

Material from S Class Wiki

Surgery is a field of medicine that uses surgical techniques to treat injuries and diseases. Generally, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting the patient's tissue or suturing a pre-existing wound.
All forms surgery are considered invasive procedures. So-called “non-invasive surgery” usually refers to an excision that does not physically penetrate the patient's organs/tissues (eg, laser corneal ablation). This term is also used to refer to radiosurgical procedures (irradiation of the tumor).

Historical reference

Surgery belongs to one of the most ancient branches of medicine. The oldest surgical technique is trepanation, which was performed for both medical and religious purposes. For example, in Ancient Tibet, some monks had their “third eye” drilled out in the middle of their forehead, a practice that often ended fatal. It is also known that in the 6th millennium BC, ancient people applied bandages in case of bone fractures. 1500 BC the first ancient Indian surgical instruments appeared. Hippocrates wrote, among other things, works on surgery, so this greatest ancient Greek healer proposed resection of the rib for pleural empyema (also known as purulent pleurisy). Surgery also developed in ancient Roman society. Doctors of that time successfully performed amputations and treated different types wound Surgeons helped the wounded on the battlefields and after gladiatorial battles.
The Middle Ages were a dark time for surgery. Talented doctors were afraid to offer their methods, so as not to expose themselves to the risk of being accused of heresy. This continued until the beginning of the Renaissance, which gave a powerful impetus to progress in the field of surgery. Famous representatives of this era (in the field of surgery) are Paracelsus and Ambroise Pare. In the 19th century, many major discoveries occurred, in particular, the Frenchman Louis Pasteur discovered factors that destroy microbes (high temperature and chemical substances), the German surgeon F. von Esmarch invented a tourniquet to stop bleeding, and the Russian doctor M. Subbotin became the founder of asepsis.
In the 20th century, anesthesia techniques were improved, doctors made progress in preventing complications after surgery, and many surgical instruments were invented. This made it possible to radically expand the range of surgical interventions.

Diseases in surgery

There are many diseases for which surgical techniques can be used. Among them:

• pathologies of the male/female reproductive system (for example, uterine fibroids or prostate adenoma);
• proctological pathologies (for example, rectal prolapse);
• phlebological diseases (varicose veins, thrombophlebitis);
• diseases of the brain and nervous system (various tumors);
• cardiac pathologies (aneurysm, heart defects);
• spleen diseases;
• ophthalmological diseases;
• serious endocrinological pathologies, etc.

Sections of surgery

The branches of surgery include:

• neurosurgery;
• endocrine surgery;
• cardiac surgery;
• thoracic surgery (relates to the chest organs);
• abdominal surgery;
• laser surgery;
• metabolic surgery (usually used to radically combat diabetes mellitus);
• bariatric surgery (aimed at combating obesity);
• microsurgery (using microsurgical instruments);
• burn surgery;
• regenerative/replacement surgery;
• colorectal surgery;
• functional surgery (aimed at restoring the normal functioning of an organ).

Gynecology, traumatology, surgical dentistry, transplantology, oncology, etc. are closely related to surgery.

Diagnostic methods in surgery

In this area of ​​medicine, the following diagnostic methods are used:

• subjective examination (complaints, anamnesis analysis);
• objective examination (examination, palpation, measurements, etc.);
• laboratory tests (blood/urine tests, coagulogram, immunological tests, etc.);
• X-ray methods, including computed tomography;
• implementation of magnetic resonance imaging;
• radioisotope techniques;

In addition, diagnostic operations can be performed, such as punctures, arthroscopy, biopsy sampling of tissues or cells, etc.
When using diagnostic instrumental techniques, certain principles are followed. A simple and affordable examination is usually performed if it can provide the correct diagnosis. But in difficult situations it is better to immediately use a more expensive method.

Surgical methods of treatment

Surgical treatment methods include (non-exclusive list):

• resection (removal of tissue, bone, tumor, part of an organ, organ);
• ligation (binding of blood vessels, ducts);
• elimination of fistula, hernia or prolapse;
• drainage of accumulated fluids;
• removal of stones;
• cleaning clogged ducts and vessels;
• introduction of transplants;
• arthrodesis (surgical operation to immobilize bone joints);
• creation of a stoma (an opening that connects the lumen of an organ located inside and the surface of the body);
• reduction (for example, nose).

Stages of surgical treatment

There are several stages of surgical treatment:

1. Preoperative. It implies preparation for surgery.
2. Operation. This stage includes several stages: the use of anesthesia, surgical access (it must be anatomical, physiological and sufficient), surgical procedure, and exit from the operation.
3. Postoperative. It starts from the time the intervention ends and ends at the time of discharge from the hospital.

Surgery and human rights

Access to surgical treatment is increasingly recognized as an integral element of advanced health care, and is therefore becoming a component of the human right to health. Commission on Global surgery The Lancet highlighted the need for accessible, timely and safe surgical and anesthetic care.

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